Thursday, October 31, 2019

Ethics in organizoations 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in organizoations 2 - Article Example In addition, an appropriate action plan will be designed for eliminating all the issues concerning the organization. Review of the Issues Based on the facts provided, it has been observed that the company was facing certain gaps that resulted in varied amount of discrepancies in the organization. Based on the interactions with the employees, it has been studied the employees were biased and even discriminated on many different occasions. The employees belonging from multi cultural background had to face the maximum level of discrimination. Also, people belonging from the minority groups were facing the problem of biasness and discrimination within the workplace. Beyond these instances, the workplace culture was also getting deteriorated because of numerous amounts of cases of harassment that were coming out. Employees were getting harassed at almost every level by their peers and the senior management. Based on the prevailing workplace scenario, it was observed that the overall workp lace culture was in a degradation mode. Top Three Messages to the Senior Management Team Based on the graveness of the identified issues, it has been comprehended that these issues lays an immense impact over the internal business scenario to a greater extent. From the above scenario, it is felt that the organization was facing problems pertaining to cultural diversity to a large extent. Organizational harassment contributes towards harmful effects such as grievances of the employees increases, grudges emerge against peers and groups arises within the team members, which ultimately affects the overall development of the organization (Royal College of Nursing, n.d.). Correspondingly, individual biasness within an organization greatly influences the performance standard of the business and its employees. Furthermore, biasness within the organization also create hurdle in the effective decision making process (Kauffman & Diamond, 1989). Perception associated with discrimination within the organization leads to work conflict and accelerated retention rate, which drastically affects the overall development of the business scenario (Ensher, Grant-Vallone & Donaldson, 2001). On the part of the organization it is likely to remember that with an employee of number 300, it might become difficult for the organization to maintain sustainability. Action Plan for Curbing the Issues Based on the analysis of the prevailing issues in the organization, it is clear that the organization facing serious issues in the workplace. Some of the recommendable action plan strategies that can be implemented are as follows: Implementation of a proper training program for spreading the importance of awareness for the workplace diversity Engaging the employees in the training program to provide them with ample knowledge, which will accelerate their performance level Addressing all the issues faced by the organization on immediate grounds and mitigating the grievances of the employees effecti vely Preparation of feedback reports from the employees regarding any underlying issues prevailing within the organization and the implication of the measures provided to them by the management Analyzing the responses of the employees pertaining to measures undertaken by the senior level management Creation of rules and regulations pertaining to avoidance of illicit practices in the organization (Maltbia & Power, 2008) Reinforcement of additional rules and regulat

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Strategic Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Management Accounting - Essay Example Historically the role of management accounting conferred to operational level budgeting, target setting and control with little or no influence towards strategy development. With the passage of time, this trend has been changed because of Strategic Management Accounting as nowadays this trend and focus has been driven towards strategy formulation and development (Kader et al, 2006). This strategy formulation and development makes management accountants to participate in formulating strategies within the organisation and this practise has been highly encouraged because these management accountants have a better operational level knowledge hence it helps in better goal congruence as well as proper implementation at the lower level of an organisation (Puolamaki, 2006). The most popular techniques that are used within Strategic Management Accounting are the Balanced Scorecard approach and the Activity Based Costing system. The Balanced Scorecard approach focuses on both the financial as well as non financial factors that may affect an organisation, besides these factors, it also looks upon the factors that have an external influence on to the organisation as well. The Activity Based Costing system on the other hand focuses on the financial aspects of an organisation in depth and this further helps in target setting, budgeting and variance analysis (Kaplan, 2006). There are many different techniques that are used within the strategic management accounting system. Each and every technique has its own unique approach, role and relevance. The applications of all these different techniques vary in accordance with the different situations that arise within the organisation. The more often used techniques and their particular significance and role is mentioned below. Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Analysis CVP analysis is affiliated with cost accounting. The main attribute of this technique is to compute break even in the break even analysis which would further help in calculat ing the targeted income sales. The basic assumptions that are involved in calculating the CVP analysis are the same as that of break even analysis. Although this technique is used by numerous companies, it has some limitations that are highly criticised. One of the major criticisms of using these techniques is that it uses different assumptions where it is deemed that the unit variable costs within any company’s production department are constant with the unit revenues. A proper CVP analysis would be required to assess the benefits gained from any particular deal, all the fixed cost and the variable costs would be summed up to assess the benefits that could be availed in more than one given scenario {(as illustrated in the Tani Kimura Company example (Choosing Plant Location)}(Horngren et al, Chapter 3, 2012). Job Costing and Process Costing Job and process costing are two methods that lie within the scope of cost accounting. Job costing involves the computation of costs in a construction or batch form. All the relevant costs that are incurred within a particular job are recorded within their respective ledgers and hence they are finally added up together to give the total

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Climate Change A Big Market Failure Politics Essay

Climate Change A Big Market Failure Politics Essay Lord Stern has described climate change as the biggest market failure the world has seen. What are the major economic features of climate change that make it such a significant market failure? Outline carefully the policy challenges of addressing two of these features. He, who knows what sweets and virtues are in the ground, the waters, the plants, the heavens, and how to come at these enchantments, is the rich and royal man. Only as far as the masters of the world have called in nature to their aid, can they reach the height of magnificence. Whilst thinking about which topic to choose amongst I got this Having covered environmental issues as a journalist for many years, I have become increasingly alarmed about the problem of climate change and its negative impacts, so I decided to join the Scottish Green Party as the party that I have seen taking this issue most seriously. from web site of The Scottish Green Party quoted by Louise Batchelor who has received the British Environment and Media prize twice for her reporting of environmental issues on BBC Scotland. If today climate change is being made slogan of political campaign, that means it is worth to think about it. Market failure is a theory which arises when the distribution of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient. Market failures are generally linked with failure of competition, public goods, externalities, incomplete markets, information asymmetries and other macroeconomic disequilibrium. (Jozeph Stiglitz, Economics of Public Sector, 3rd ed, p. 77-85) In economic terms externality stems from actions of subject which affect others in positive or negative way. In first case person or organization may impose cost on others but does not reimburse it, whereas the latter may cause benefit to others without reaping all of the benefits of the activity. Models where the actions of individual or the firm injures others is called negative externality, however the opposite is referred to as negative externality. The most obvious patterns include climate change and water pollution. Since the end of XX century world community has been facing serious environmental problems, so economic studies of climate change are juvenile and will develop as we face new policy challenges. Emissions by previous generations which polluted our ecosystem demonstrate damage for contemporary society as well as for posterity. While occasionally used synonymously with global warming, the climate change implies a considerable change in a climatic condition which has si gnificant economic, environmental and social effects. It may be restricted to a specific locality, or may happen across the whole globe. Not surprisingly, humankind is in the central figure that causes this. Certainly the worlds environment has always changed owing to natural reasons.   But what is going down presently is that man-made aspects are now warming up the worlds climate at a more rapidly pace.   This increase of carbon emissions set in motion through the industrial revolution. In pre-industrial era that is, the time prior to the Industrial Revolution none of modern technologies automobiles, aircrafts, plant, phones, TV sets exited. The Industrial Revolution came about when people commenced to mass scale production in industries by means of machinery that worked with energy from coal, and later on using  oil, gas, and electrical power.   This made it much easier for people to produce goods and facilitated the advancement of new technology.  Since Industrial Revolution which started round 1750 and picked up the pace in the 1800s and 1900s, civilization has been using fossil fuels in an intensive way. As a consequence of this actions atmosphere has been polluted with large amount of greenhouse gases. The more society manufactures and devours, the more environment is changed we are surrounded by. Climate change is an unavoidable and important worldwide challenge with enduring effects for the sustainable growth of all states that world society has had to deal with up to present time. The relationship connecting climate change and sustainable growth are strong. Climate change influences roundabouts through some channels such as storms, heatwaves, sea level rise, hurricanes, droughts, and floods create threats for resources of water, food and agriculture. In its turn these unquestionably living standard of population of developing countries. So, developing countries are expected to get the hardest destruction by climate change. Techniques to tackle climate change necessitate worldwide societys aims to be completely consistent with for economic and civil progress. This task that go beyond national frames and calls for solutions at the global plane. According to Nicholas Stern, climate change should be regarded as externality, because people who release emission to nature do not compensate for it. As a greatest and widest-ranging market failure, it is a challenge for economists itself. Influence of climate change very expansive and interrelate with other types of market failures, from which additional complicated policy problems stem. Lord Stern states that if world society does not take action, the on the whole, overheads and risks of climate change will be correspondent to losing at least 5% of world GDP continuously. If a broader series of shocks is taken into consideration, the approximation of harm could rise to more than 20% of total output. Lets see it in examples of sectoral perspectives. (The Economics of Climate Change. The Stern Review. Nicholas Stern. Cabinet Office HM Treasury, 2006, UK. http://www.webcitation.org/5nCeyEYJr. Retrieved 2010-01-31.) Agriculture is sphere of influence of humankind extremely responsive to climate changes. Forces changing our climate are as well important to farm production. Anthropological actions have already changed atmospheric features such as ozone, rainfall, carbon dioxide level. Although production of food may take advantage of warmer climate, the increased probability of natural disasters like heatwaves, floods and droughts will generate problems for agricultural producers. Actually Paul Krugmans statement in his article on NY Times shows the trouble with its seriousness: But the evidence tells a different, much more ominous story. While several factors have contributed to soaring food prices, what really stands out is the extent to which severe weather events have disrupted agricultural production. And these severe weather events are exactly the kind of thing wed expect to see as rising concentrations of greenhouse gases change our climate which means that the current food price surge may be just the beginning. ( http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/07/opinion/07krugman.html ) Source: Escalating food prices, UNICEF February 2011 report. Analyses of the effects of global climate change imply that climate change may lead to significant decline in agricultural output in developing nation states. Nowadays international community is getting more concerned about matters vital to developing countries, such as potential changes in total food availability and world food prices. Among other causes 2007-2008 and recent 2011 food crisis are attributed to climate change. First one, was due to the catastrophe of the most terrible drought in a century in Australia, that is why the 2006 crop summed only 9.8m tonnes. After America, Australia is on average the second leading exporter of grain, and in normal times crop would be about 25 million tonnes. Because of that drought world stock of wheat has reached it lowest possible level since 1979. The droughts impact on rice has made the greatest shock on the rest of the world, to date. It is one factor causative to bubbling prices which is supposed it is among the initial signs that a w arming planet is starting to have an effect on production of food. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7289194.stm) According to Reuters food prices have increased by 11.7% in 11 months of 2010 while the general price level (inflation) has upsurged only by  1.9%. This fact indicates a severe difference and obliges  preventative  measures to impede food crisis founding starving nations. The caution for food crisis in   Sri Lanka was issued due to the bad weather condition occurred during the first few weeks of 2011 which caused massive floods in eastern,  northern  and north central regions of Sri Lanka where the extensive crop growing were taking place. More than 50% season harvest was destroyed  resulting  in  21% of the rice cultivation of Sri Lanka being destroyed. And the irrigation system of the country is damaged making it unworkable to do forthcoming season cultivation which will promote reduction of the rice cultivation in the future. Apart from that vegetable prices have gone up by more than 200% as a result of floods and the live stock of 240,000 were destroyed which wi ll again result in high price of meat, milk and eggs. And  Meteorological Department of Sri Lanka predicts for a drought period towards the mid 2011 which will once more upshot in damage of crops and make people starve again. (http://www.tutebox.com/business/economics/what-is-foodflation/) Africa responds especially badly to climate change given that it is principally agrarian, suffers an undesirable price shock to its exports, has a low capacity to regulate agricultural portfolios, and has a low elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported cereals. The orientation in the direction of cereal self-reliance averts the economy from taking benefit of lower world cereal prices by changing expenditure towards imported cereals. The remarkable raise in cereal imports in Asia and Latin America leads to a high demand for foreign currency. Balance of trade stability is realized by currency devaluation, by 3.5% in Asia and 1% in Latin America. Real exchange appreciation lessens openness of African economy. There is a 5% appreciation of the currency in response to a complex of changes, but primarily due to a large decline in demand for imports. The cereal sector yield shock of -17% cannot be compensated by an increase in cereal imports. In response, the domestic price o f cereals rises which induces resource reallocation towards cereal production. Import demand for cereals and industrial goods declines, since real incomes of all households decrease, leading to a lower demand for foreign exchange. The supply of foreign currency falls as export crop production decreases both because productivity falls and in order to allow a shift towards cereal production. The depreciating effect from lower supply of foreign currency is overwhelmed by the significant decrease in industrial imports, which are much larger in value terms than export crops, causing a net appreciation. (Economic and Welfare Impacts of Climate Change on Developing Countries by Paul Winters et al.) Some restricted views claim that climate change will not greatly affect other sectors than agriculture. But according to well constructed climate-economy models, which go beyond above, environmental changes have great influence on other spheres of economy as well. More broadly still, climatic effects may extend to health, crime, conflict, and migration, all of which could have first-order implications for measuring the policy response. (http://wallstreetpit.com/23481-what-are-the-likely-economic-effects-of-climate-change) Dell et al. 2008, find that warming has historically had negative impacts on economic growth but only in poor countries. The effects in poor countries are remarkably large with a 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature reducing economic growth by about 1.1 percentage points. Looking underneath national growth, the study also finds large effects on both agriculture and industrial value added, in addition to effects on aggregate investment, political stability, and innovation. Furthermore, study of historical data relating national weather variation to export performance. The findings confirm large negative impacts of temperature on poor countries. On average, we find that a poor country being 1 degree Celsius warmer in a given year reduces the growth of that countrys exports by between 2.0 and 5.7 percentage points in that year. As in Dell et al. (2008), we find no effect on rich countries exports. The fact that exports are even more sensitive to temperature than overall GDP is consistent with the idea that domestic consumption is relatively steady, so that volatility in domestic production translates into greater volatility in net exports. (Dell, Melissa, Benjamin F Jones, and Benjamin A Olken (2008), Climate Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century, NBER Working Paper 14132.)

Friday, October 25, 2019

Things They Carried Essay: American Heroes -- Things They Carried Essa

The Things They Carried: American Heroes "Speaking of Courage" in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried, is more than a story about a soldier's personal experience of the Vietnam War. It is more than a story about his fight for his country, God, and fellow soldiers, and not to mention his return home. "Speaking of Courage" is not only an allegorical story about the disconnection between Vietnam and the rest of the world, but also an allegory about the disconnection between the soldiers and the life they once led. Norman Bowker's flashback of Song Tra Bong, sets up the story for cultural analysis. The monsoon signifies the war as a whole, as it causes violence to spill over the entire world. Over time the monsoon causes the mud to act as quicksand, sucking in everything it touches. Like the monsoon, the war causes men to be drafted to fight for their country. The mama-sans yelling at the soldiers to get out of the muddy field represents the world being against the war. America is protesting and rioting for the war to be called off, but the soldiers are ordered to do their job, just as Lieutenant Jimmy Cross orders the men to stay on the muddy field. Once the men discover that the field is a shit field, it is obvious that the shit field symbolizes the political involvement in the war. The politics of the world start the war, and they order men to go out and fix the shit by fighting one another. When Kiowa begins to sink in the horrible slime, all Bowker can do is watch. This not only signifies the men being drafted into war, but also the men being killed one by one. The soldiers of the war face death every day and they know that, in an instant, they could be the next to die. Bowker; however, ... ... Bowker almost won the Silver Star symbolizes how America did not win the Vietnam War, nor did they loose. O' Brien uses July 4th, Independence Day, as the date of Bowker's return home to signify America's lack of pride for not living up to their heroic reputation. At the end of the story, Bowker watches and even enjoys the firework show over the lake. The fireworks symbolize the end of the war and a new beginning. Bowker's enjoyment denotes the soldiers blending in with society once again. Tim O'Brien's story, "Speaking of Courage," is an allegory that opens up the hearts of soldiers. O'Brien's use of metaphor allows the reader to relate on a personal level with the soldiers of the war. Men who fight for their country and die on the battlefield are more than just a number or a casualty. These men all have a bond that most of the world does not understand. Things They Carried Essay: American Heroes -- Things They Carried Essa The Things They Carried: American Heroes "Speaking of Courage" in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried, is more than a story about a soldier's personal experience of the Vietnam War. It is more than a story about his fight for his country, God, and fellow soldiers, and not to mention his return home. "Speaking of Courage" is not only an allegorical story about the disconnection between Vietnam and the rest of the world, but also an allegory about the disconnection between the soldiers and the life they once led. Norman Bowker's flashback of Song Tra Bong, sets up the story for cultural analysis. The monsoon signifies the war as a whole, as it causes violence to spill over the entire world. Over time the monsoon causes the mud to act as quicksand, sucking in everything it touches. Like the monsoon, the war causes men to be drafted to fight for their country. The mama-sans yelling at the soldiers to get out of the muddy field represents the world being against the war. America is protesting and rioting for the war to be called off, but the soldiers are ordered to do their job, just as Lieutenant Jimmy Cross orders the men to stay on the muddy field. Once the men discover that the field is a shit field, it is obvious that the shit field symbolizes the political involvement in the war. The politics of the world start the war, and they order men to go out and fix the shit by fighting one another. When Kiowa begins to sink in the horrible slime, all Bowker can do is watch. This not only signifies the men being drafted into war, but also the men being killed one by one. The soldiers of the war face death every day and they know that, in an instant, they could be the next to die. Bowker; however, ... ... Bowker almost won the Silver Star symbolizes how America did not win the Vietnam War, nor did they loose. O' Brien uses July 4th, Independence Day, as the date of Bowker's return home to signify America's lack of pride for not living up to their heroic reputation. At the end of the story, Bowker watches and even enjoys the firework show over the lake. The fireworks symbolize the end of the war and a new beginning. Bowker's enjoyment denotes the soldiers blending in with society once again. Tim O'Brien's story, "Speaking of Courage," is an allegory that opens up the hearts of soldiers. O'Brien's use of metaphor allows the reader to relate on a personal level with the soldiers of the war. Men who fight for their country and die on the battlefield are more than just a number or a casualty. These men all have a bond that most of the world does not understand.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Macbeth and Famous Tragedies Essay

Macbeth is one of the most famous tragedies of Shakespeare. It is divided into five acts focusing on Macbeth and sometimes other characters that affect Macbeth. The two main characters in the play are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who are well-developed. After Macbeth killed King Duncan of Scotland, he and his wife, Lady Macbeth, became King and Queen of Scotland. However, they did not have peaceful life as what they wanted. They always felt worried and insecure. In act five scene five, when Sayton, Macbeth’s servant, told him of Lady Macbeth’s death, he talked to himself as his response to this news. Macbeth thought that time went slowly: â€Å"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time;† The soliloquy of Macbeth means that how the days stretched out. Each day is the same as the one before and they would continue to do so until the end of time. It made Macbeth felt bored, so time perhaps went slowly to him. We could see another reason why Macbeth felt time went slowly. Actually, Macbeth is not a bad man. He loved Lady Macbeth so much. Therefore, he was convinced to be the murder of King Duncan by her so that they had the power to do whatever they wanted. Those days were yesterdays and past time of him. He wanted to come to tomorrow because each tomorrow means the last day of all yesterdays when Macbeth spent to kill people. The looking forward could make time go more slowly than it was. Beside, after Lady Macbeth to whom he spent all his love died, life for him was not meaningful any more. It also made him as well as people in the situation like him feel the days went slowly. With the great ability of using figurative language and the exquisite style of writing, Shakespeare contributed to the success of the play especially act five scene five that is best-known part of the play.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

National Territory of the Philippines Essay

The Constitution of the Philippines ( Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas ) is the supreme jurisprudence of the Philippines. The Constitution presently in consequence was enacted in 1987. during the disposal of President Corazon Aquino. and is popularly known as the â€Å"1987 Constitution† . [ 1 ] Philippine constitutional jurisprudence experts recognize three other old fundamental laws as holding efficaciously governed the state — the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution. the 1973 Constitution. and the 1986 Freedom Constitution. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Fundamental laws for the Philippines were besides drafted and adopted during the ephemeral authoritiess of Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo ( 1898 ) and Jose P. Laurel ( 1943 ) . †¢ Background of the 1987 ConstitutionIn 1986. following the People Power Revolution which ousted Ferdinand Marcos as president. and following on her ain startup. Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3. declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people. protecting their basic rights. following a probationary fundamental law. and supplying for an orderly interlingual rendition to a authorities under a new fundamental law. [ 4 ] President Aquino subsequently issued Proclamation No. 9. making a Constitutional Commission ( popularly abbreviated â€Å"Con Com† in the Philippines ) to border a new fundamental law to replace the 1973 Constitution which took consequence during the Marcos soldierly jurisprudence government. Aquino appointed 50 members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds. including several former congresswomans. a former Supreme Court Chief Justice ( Roberto Concepcion ) . a Catholic bishop ( Teodoro Bacani ) and movie manager ( Lino Brocka ) . Aquino besides intentionally appointed 5 members. including former Labor Minister Blas Ople. who had been allied with Marcos until the latter’s ejector. After the Commission had convened. it elected as its president Cecilia Munoz-Palma. who had emerged as a prima figure in the anti-Marcos resistance following her retirement as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. The Commission finished the bill of exchange charter within four months after it was convened. Several issues were hotly debated during the Sessionss. including on the signifier of authorities to follow. the abolishment of the decease punishment. the continued keeping of the Clark and Subic American military bases. and the integrating of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka would walk out of the Commission before its completion. and two other delegates would dissent from the concluding bill of exchange. The ConCom completed their undertaking on October 12. 1986 and presented the bill of exchange fundamental law to President Aquino on October 15. 1986. After a period of countrywide information run. a plebiscite for its confirmation was held on February 2. 1987. More than three-fourth of all ballots cast. 76. 37 % ( or 17. 059. 495 electors ) favored confirmation as against 22. 65 % ( or 5. 058. 714 electors ) who voted against confirmation. On February 11. 1987. the new fundamental law was proclaimed sanctioned and took consequence. On that same twenty-four hours. Aquino. the other authorities functionaries. and the Armed Forces of the Philippines pledged commitment to the Constitution. Significant characteristics of the 1987 Fundamental law The Constitution establishes the Philippines as a â€Å"democratic and republican State† . where â€Å"sovereignty resides in the people and all authorities authorization emanates from them† . ( Section 1. Article II ) Consistent with the philosophy of separation of powers. the powers of the national authorities are exercised in chief by three subdivisions — the executive subdivision headed by the President. the legislative subdivision composed of Congress and the judicial subdivision with the Supreme Court busying the highest grade of the bench. The President and the members of Congress are straight elected by the people. while the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list formed by the Judicial and Bar Council. As with the American system of authorities. it is Congress which enacts the Torahs. topic to the veto power of the President which may however be overturned by a two-thirds ballot of Congress ( Section 27 ( 1 ) . Article VI ) . The President has the constitutional responsibility to guarantee the faithful executing of the Torahs ( Section 17. Article VII ) . while the tribunals are expressly granted the power of judicial reappraisal ( Section 1. Article VIII ) . including the power to invalidate or construe Torahs. The President is besides recognized as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces ( Section 18. Article VII ) . The Constitution besides establishes limited political liberty to the local authorities units that act as the municipal authoritiess for states. metropoliss. municipalities. and barangays. ( Section 1. Article X ) Local authoritiess are by and large considered as falling under the executive subdivision. yet local statute law requires enactment by duly elected local legislative organic structures. The Constitution ( Section 3. Article X ) mandated that the Congress would ordain a Local Government Code. The Congress punctually enacted Republic Act No. 7160. The Local Government Code of 1991. which became effectual on 1 January 1992. [ 5 ] The Supreme Court has noted that the Bill of Rights â€Å"occupies a place of primacy in the cardinal law† . [ 6 ] The Bill of Rights. contained in Article III. enumerates the specific protections against State power. Many of these wa rrants are similar to those provided in the American fundamental law and other democratic fundamental laws. including the due procedure and equal protection clause. the right against indefensible hunts and ictuss. the right to liberate address and the free exercising of faith. the right against self-incrimination. and the right to habeas principal. The range and restrictions to these rights have mostly been determined by Philippine Supreme Court determinations. Outside of the Bill of Rights. the Constitution besides contains several other commissariats reciting assorted province policies including. i. e. . the avowal of labour â€Å"as a primary societal economic force† ( Section 14. Article II ) ; the equal protection of â€Å"the life of the female parent and the life of the unborn from conception† ( Section 12. Article II ) ; the â€Å"Filipino household as the foundation of the nation† ( Article XV. Section 1 ) ; the acknowledgment of Filipino as â€Å"the national linguistic communication of the Philippines† ( Section 6. Article XVI ) . and even a demand that â€Å"all educational establishments shall set about regular athleticss activities throughout the state in cooperation with athletic nines and other sectors. † ( Section 19. 1. Article XIV ) Whether these commissariats may. by themselves. be the beginning of enforceable rights without attach toing statute law has been the topic of considerable argument in the legal domain and within the Supreme Court. The Court. for illustration. has ruled that a proviso necessitating that the State â€Å"guarantee equal entree to chances to public service† could non be enforced without attach toing statute law. and therefore could non exclude the disallowance of alleged â€Å"nuisance candidates† in presidential elections. [ 7 ] But in another instance. the Court held that a proviso necessitating that the State â€Å"protect and progress the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology† did non necessitate implementing statute law to go the beginning of operative rights. [ 8 ] Historical fundamental laws Fundamental law of Biak-na-Bato ( 1897 ) The Katipunan revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where. at San Francisco de Malabon. Cavite. on March 22. 1897. the first presidential and frailty presidential elections in Philippine history were held—although merely the Katipuneros ( members of the Katipunan ) were able to take portion. and non the general public. A ulterior meeting of the radical authorities established at that place. held on November 1. 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The democracy had a fundamental law drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution. [ 9 ] It is known as the â€Å"Constitucion Provisional de la Republica de Filipinas† . and was originally written in and promulgated in the Spanish and Tagalog linguistic communications. [ 10 ] Malolos Constitution ( 1899 ) The Malolos Constitution was the first republican fundamental law in Asia. [ 11 ] It declared that sovereignty resides entirely in the people. stated basic civil rights. separated the church and province. and called for the creative activity of an Assembly of Representatives to move as the legislative organic structure. It besides called for a Presidential signifier of authorities with the president elected for a term of four old ages by a bulk of the Assembly. [ 12 ] It was titled â€Å"Constitucion politica† . and was written in Spanish following the declaration of independency from Spain. [ 13 ] proclaimed on January 20. 1899. and was enacted and ratified by the Malolos Congress. a Congress held in Malolos. Bulacan. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Acts of the United States Congress The Philippines was a United States Territory from December 10. 1898 to March 24. 1934. [ 16 ] As such. the Philippines was under the legal power of the federal authorities of the United States during this period. Two Acts of the Apostless of the United States Congress passed during this period can be considered Filipino fundamental laws in that those Acts of the Apostless defined the cardinal political rules. and established the construction. processs. powers and responsibilities. of the Filipino authorities. 1. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902. sometimes known as the â€Å"Philippine Bill of 1902† . was the first organic jurisprudence for the Philippine Islands enacted by the United States Congress. It provided for the creative activity of a popularly elected Philippine Assembly. and specified that legislative power would be vested in a bicameral legislative assembly composed of the Filipino Commission ( upper house ) and the Philippine Assembly ( lower house ) . Its cardi nal commissariats included a measure of rights for the Filipinos and the assignment of two nonvoting Filipino occupant commissioners to stand for the Philippines in the United States Congress. 2. The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916. sometimes known as â€Å"Jones Law† . modified the construction of the Filipino authorities by taking the Filipino Commission as the legislative upper house. replacing it with a Senate elected by Filipino electors. This act besides explicitly stated that it was and had ever been the intent of the people of the United States to retreat their sovereignty over the Filipino Islands and to acknowledge Filipino independency every bit shortly as a stable authorities can be established in this. Though non a fundamental law itself. the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 provided authorization and defined mechanisms for the constitution of a formal fundamental law via a constitutional convention. Commonwealth and Third Republic ( 1935 ) The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934. sanctioned and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines ( 1935-1946 ) and subsequently used by the Third Republic of the Philippines ( 1946-1972 ) . It was written with an oculus to run intoing the blessing of the United States Government every bit good. so as to guarantee that the U. S. would populate up to its promise to allow the Philippines independency and non hold a premiss to keep onto its â€Å"possession† on the evidences that it was excessively politically immature and therefore unready for full. existent independency. The original 1935 Constitution provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President was elected to a six-year term without re-election. It was amended in 1940 to hold a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives. every bit good the creative activity of an independent electoral committee. The Constitution now granted the President a four-year term with a upper limit of two back-to-back footings in office. A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution. The convention was stained with apparent graft and corruptness. Possibly the most controversial issue was taking the presidential term bound so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a 3rd term. which many felt was the true ground for which the convention was called. In any instance. the 1935 Constitution was suspended in 1972 with Marcos’ announcement of soldierly jurisprudence. the rampant corruptness of the constitutional procedure supplying him with one of his major premises for making so. Second Republic ( 1943 ) The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a commission appointed by the Philippine Executive Commission. the organic structure established by the Japanese to administrate the Philippines in stead of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. In mid-1942 Nipponese Premier Hideki Tojo had promised the Filipinos â€Å"the award of independence† which meant that the committee would be supplanted by a formal democracy. The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence tasked with outlining a new fundamental law was composed in big portion. of members of the prewar National Assembly and of persons with experience as delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their bill of exchange for the democracy to be established under the Nipponese Occupation. nevertheless. would be limited in continuance. supply for indirect. alternatively of direct. legislative elections. and an even stronger executive subdivision. Upon blessing of the bill of exchange by the Committee. the new charter was ratified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed. provincial representatives of the Kalibapi. the organisation established by the Japanese to replace all old political parties. Upon confirmation by the Kalibapi assembly. the Second Republic was officially proclaimed ( 1943-1945 ) . Jose P. Laurel was appointed as President by the National Assembly and inaugurated into office in October 1943. Laurel was extremely regarded by the Japanese for holding openly criticised the US for the manner they ran the Philippines. and because he had a grade from Tokyo International University. The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled countries of the Philippines. but was ne'er recognized as legitimate or binding by the authoritiess of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerilla organisations loyal to them. In late 1944. President Laurel declared a province of war existed with the United States and the British Empire and proclaimed soldierly jurisprudence. basically governing by edict. His authorities in bend went into expatriate in December. 1944. first to Taiwan and so Japan. After the proclamation of Japan’s resignation. Laurel officially proclaimed the Second Republic as dissolved. Until the sixtiess. the Second Republic. and its officers. were non viewed as legitimate or as holding any standing. with the exclusion of the Supreme Court whose determinations. limited to reappraisals of condemnable and commercial instances as portion of a policy of discretion by Chief Justice Jose Yulo continued to be portion of the functionary records ( this was made easier by the Commonwealth ne'er representing a Supreme Court. and the formal vacancy in the main justness place for the Commonwealth with the executing of Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos by the Japanese ) . It was merely during the Macapagal disposal that a partial. political rehabilitation of the Japanese-era democracy took topographic point. with the acknowledgment of Laurel as a former president and the add-on of his cabinet and other functionaries to the roll of past authorities functionaries. However. the 1943 charter was non taught in schools and the Torahs of the 1943-44 National Assembly ne'er recognized as valid or relevant. The 1943 Constitution provided strong executive powers. The Legislature consisted of a unicameral National Assembly and merely those considered as anti-US could stand for election. although in pattern most legislators were appointed instead than elected. The New Society and the Fourth Republic ( 1973 ) The 1973 Constitution. promulgated after Marcos’ declaration of soldierly jurisprudence. was supposed to present a parliamentary-style authorities. Legislative power was vested in a National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year footings. The President was ideally supposed to be elected as the symbolic and strictly ceremonial caput of province from the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an limitless figure of footings. Upon election. the President ceased to be a member of the National Assembly. During his term. the President was non allowed to be a member of a political party or keep any other office. Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister who was besides elected from the Members of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister was the caput of authorities and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. This fundamental law was later amended four times ( arguably five depending on how one considers Proclamation No. 3 of 1986 ) . On October 16-17 1976. a bulk of barangay electors ( Citizen Assemblies ) approved that soldierly jurisprudence should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos. [ 19 ] The 1976 amendments were: †¢an Interim Batasang Pambansa ( IBP ) replacing for the Interim National Assembly †¢the President would besides go the Prime Minister and he would go on to exert legislative powers until soldierly jurisprudence should hold been lifted. The Sixth Amendment authorized the President to pass: Whenever in the judgement of the President there exists a sedate exigency or a menace or imminency thereof. or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to move adequately on any affair for any ground that in his judgement requires immediate action. he may. in order to run into the exigency. publish the necessary edicts. orders or letters of instructions. which shall organize portion of the jurisprudence of the land. The 1973 Constitution was further amended in 1980 and 1981. In the 1980 amendment. the retirement age of the members of the Judiciary was extended to 70 old ages. In the 1981 amendments. the false parliamentary system was officially modified into a French-style semi-presidential system: †¢executive power was restored to the President ;†¢direct election of the President was restored ;†¢an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and non more than 14 members was created to â€Å"assist the President in the exercising of his powers and maps and in the public presentation of his responsibilities as he may order ; † and the Prime Minister was a mere caput of the Cabinet.†¢Further. the amendments instituted electoral reforms and provided that a natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his citizenship may be a transferee of private land for usage by him as his abode. The last amendments in 1984 abolished the Executive Committee and restored the place of Vice-President ( which did non be in the original. unamended 1973 Constitution ) . In existent pattern. while the 1973 Constitution was ideally supposed to put up a true parliamentary system. the late President Marcos had made usage of blind and use in order to maintain executive power for himself. instead than devolving executive powers to the Parliament. as headed by the Prime Minister. The terminal consequence was that the 1973 Constitution – due to all amendments and elusive uses – was simply the abolishment of the Senate and a series of decorative text-changes where the old American-derived nomenclatures such House of Representatives became known as the â€Å"Batasang Pambansa† ( National Assembly ) . Departments became known as â€Å"Ministries† . cabinet secretaries became known as â€Å"cabinet ministers† . and the President’s helper – the Executive Secretary – became known as the â€Å"Prime Minister. † Ultimately. Marcos’ alleged â€Å"Parliamentary System† hence functioned as an authoritarian-run Presidential System due to the series of amendments and other alterations put in topographic point after the 1973 Constitution was ratified. 1986 â€Å"Freedom Constitution† Following the EDSA People Power Revolution that removed President Ferdinand E. Marcos from office. the new President. Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 as a probationary fundamental law to would fix for the following fundamental law. It adopted certain commissariats from the 1973 fundamental law and granted the President wide powers to reorganize the authorities and take functionaries from office. and mandated that the president would name a committee to outline a new fundamental law. refference/source ; # a B â€Å"The 1987 Fundamental law of the Republic of the Philippines† . 15 October 1986. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/70-1987-constitution. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2008-04-03. # ^ Isagani Cruz ( 1993 ) . Constitutional Law. Quezon City. Philippines: Cardinal Lawbook Publishing Co. . Inc. . pp. 19. ISBN 971-16-0184-2. # ^ Joaquin Bernas. S. J. ( 1996 ) . The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A Commentary. Manila. Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. xxxiv-xxxix. ISBN 971-23-2013-8. # ^ â€Å"1986 Provisional â€Å"Freedom† Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines† . 25 March 1986. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/69-1986-constitution. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2008-04-03. # ^ â€Å"Local Government Code of 1991† . 1 January 1992. hypertext transfer pr otocol: //www. chanrobles. com/localgov. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"People vs. Tatud ( G. R. No. 144037 ) † . Supreme Court of the Philippines. 26 September 2003. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. supremecourt. gov. ph/jurisprudence/2003/sep2003/144037. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"Pamatong vs. Comelec ( G. R. No. 161872 ) † . SupremeCourt of the Philippines. 13 April 2004. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. supremecourt. gov. ph/jurisprudence/2004/apr2004/161872. htm. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ â€Å"Oposa et Al. v. Fulgencio ( G. R. No. 101083 ) † . Supreme Court of the Philippines ( requoted by Lawphil. cyberspace ) . 30 July 1993. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lawphil. net/judjuris/juri1993/jul1993/gr_101083_1993. hypertext markup language. Retrieved 2007-06-09. # ^ Wikisource-logo. svg 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato ( Philippines ) at Wikisource. # ^ â€Å"1897 Biac-na-Bato Constitution† . Corpus Juris. 1 November 1897. h ypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecorpusjuris. com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/300-1897-biac-na-bato-constitution. hypertext markup language? showall=1. Retrieved 2009-01-25. # ^ Tucker. Spencer C. ( 2009 ) . The encyclopaedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political. societal. and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 9781851099511. hypertext transfer protocol: //books. Google. com/ ? id=8V3vZxOmHssC # ^ Guevara. Sulpico. erectile dysfunction ( 2005 ) . The Torahs of the first Philippine Republic ( the Torahs of Malolos ) 1898-1899. . Ann Arbor. Michigan: University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) . pp. 104–119. hypertext transfer protocol: //quod. lib. umich. edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx? c=philamer ; iel=1 ; view=toc ; idno=aab1246. 0001. 001. Retrieved 2008-03-26. ( English interlingual rendition by Sulpicio Guevara ) # ^ Guevara 2005. p. 88.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Modules, Structures, and Classes

Modules, Structures, and Classes There are just three ways to organize a VB.NET application. ModulesStructuresClasses But most technical articles assume that you already know all about them. If youre one of the many who still have a few questions, you could just read past the confusing bits and try to figure it out anyway. And if you have a lot of time, you can start searching through Microsofts documentation: A Module is a portable executable file, such as type.dll or application.exe, consisting of one or more classes and interfaces.A Class statement defines a new data type.The Structure statement defines a composite value type that you can customize. Right, then. Any questions? To be a bit more fair to Microsoft, they have pages and pages (and more pages) of information about all of these that you can wade through. And they have to be as exact as possible because they set the standard. In other words, Microsofts documentation sometimes reads like a law book because it is a law book. But if youre just learning .NET, it can be very confusing! You have to start somewhere. Understanding the three fundamental ways that you can write code in VB.NET is a good place to start. You can write VB.NET code using any of these three forms. In other words, you can create a Console Application in VB.NET Express and write: Module Module1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub Main()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a Module!)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd ModuleClass Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub Main()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a Class)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd ClassStructure Struct1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim myString As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub Main()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a Structure)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Structure This doesnt make any sense as a program, of course. The point is that you dont get a syntax error so its legal VB.NET code. These three forms are the only way to code the queen bee root of all of .NET: the object. The only element that interrupts the symmetry of the three forms is the statement: Dim myString As String. That has to do with a Structure being a composite data type as Microsoft states in their definition. Another thing to notice is that all three blocks have a Sub Main() in them. One of the most fundamental principals of OOP is usually called encapsulation. This is the black box effect. In other words, you should be able to treat each object independently and that includes using identically named subroutines if you want to. Classes Classes are the right place to start because, as Microsoft notes, A class is a fundamental building block of object-oriented programming (OOP). In fact, some authors treat modules and structures as just special kinds of classes. A class is more object oriented than a module because its possible to instantiate (make a copy of) a class but not a module. In other words, you can code ... Public Class Form1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Private Sub Form1_Load( _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal sender As System.Object, _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles MyBase.Load  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim myNewClass As Class1 New Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass.ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Class (The class instantiation is emphasized.) It doesnt matter whether the actual class itself, in this case, ... Public Class Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a class)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Class ... is in a file by itself or is part of the same file with the Form1 code. The program runs exactly the same way. (Notice that Form1 is a class too.) You can also write class code that behaves much like a module, that is, without instantiating it. This is called a Shared class. The article Static (that is, Shared) versus Dynamic Types in VB.NET explains this in much more detail. Another fact about classes should also be kept in mind. Members (properties and methods) of the class only exist while the instance of the class exists. The name for this is scoping. That is, the scope of an instance of a class is limited. The code above can be changed to illustrate this point this way: Public Class Form1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Private Sub Form1_Load( _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal sender As System.Object, _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles MyBase.Load  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim myNewClass As Class1 New Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass.ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass Nothing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass.ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Class When the second myNewClass.ClassSub() statement is executed, a NullReferenceException error is thrown because the ClassSub member doesnt exist. Modules In VB  6, it was common to see programs where most of the code was in a module (A .BAS, file rather than, for instance, in a Form file such as Form1.frm.) In VB.NET, both modules and classes are in .VB files. The main reason modules are included in VB.NET is to give programmers a way to organize their systems by putting code in different places to fine tune the scope and access for their code. (That is, how long members of the module exist and what other code can reference and use the members.) Sometimes, you may want to put code into separate modules just to make it easier to work with. All VB.NET modules are Shared because they cant be instantiated (see above) and they can be marked Friend or Public so they can be accessed either within the same assembly or whenever theyre referenced. Structures Structures are the least understood of the three forms of objects. If we were talking about animals instead of objects,  the structure would be an Aardvark. The big difference between a structure and a class is that a structure is a value type and a class is a reference type. What does that mean? Im so glad you asked. A value type is an object that is stored directly in memory. An Integer is a good example of a value type. If you declared an Integer in your program like this ... Dim myInt as Integer 10 ... and you checked the memory location stored in myInt, you would find the value 10. You also see this described as being allocated on the stack. The stack and the heap are simply different ways of managing the use of computer memory. A reference type is an object where the location of the object is stored in memory. So finding a value for a reference type is always a two step lookup. A String is a good example of a reference type. If you declared a String like this ... Dim myString as String This is myString ... and you checked the memory location stored in myString, you would find another memory location (called a pointer - this way of doing things is the very heart of C style languages). You would have to go to that location to find the value This is myString. This is often called being allocated on the heap. The stack and the heap Some authors say that value types arent even objects and only reference types can be objects. Its certainly true that the sophisticated object characteristics like inheritance and encapsulation are only possible with reference types. But we started this whole article by saying that there were three forms for objects so I have to accept that structures are some sort of object, even if theyre non-standard objects. The programming origins of structures go back to file-oriented languages like Cobol. In those languages, data was normally processed as sequential flat files. The fields in a record from the file were described by a data definition section (sometimes called a record layout or a copybook). So, if a record from the file contained: 1234567890ABCDEF9876 The only way you would know that 1234567890 was a phone number, ABCDEF was an ID and 9876 was $98.76 was through the data definition. Structures help you accomplish this in VB.NET. Structure Structure1  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(10) Dim myPhone As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(6) Dim myID As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(4) Dim myAmount As StringEnd Structure Because a String is a reference type, its necessary to keep the length the same with the VBFixedString attribute for fixed length records. You can find an extended explanation of this attribute and attributes in general in the article Attributes in VB .NET. Although structures are non-standard objects, they do have a lot of capability in VB.NET. You can code methods, properties, and even events, and event handlers in structures, but you can also use more simplified code and because theyre value types, processing can be faster. For example, you could recode the structure above like this: Structure Structure1  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(10) Dim myPhone As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(6) Dim myID As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(4) Dim myAmount As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub mySub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is the value of myPhone: myPhone)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Structure And use it like this: Dim myStruct As Structure1myStruct.myPhone 7894560123myStruct.mySub() Its worth your time to play around with structures a bit and learn what they can do. Theyre one of the odd corners of VB.NET that can be a magic bullet when you need it.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Reading Chapter Books for Children

Reading Chapter Books for Children As your children grow in their reading ability, transitioning from sounding out each word and following the sentences with their fingers to reading more quickly on their own, they will need to graduate to more complicated reading material. As they become stronger readers, children develop appetites for richer and more complex stories and can handle multiple characters. Chapter books are an important tool in their development and intellectual abilities. What Are Chapter Books? For young and new readers, books tend to be very short. They are made up of just words or a few short sentences. They are primarily very picture heavy and have a simple, linear story. Chapter books are the next stage for readers. Chapter books are stories that are long enough and complex enough to require chapters to break them up. At a young age, they are not too long; they are shorter than novels but longer than typical picture books. Chapter books often have illustrations, too, but they are not as large or as prevalent as early reading material. In general, children are ready to progress to chapter books around the age of seven or eight. Encouraging Active Readers For children who love to read, they will likely dive into chapter books without much hesitation. Providing them with an assortment of stories and types of books can increase their interest and keep them learning. Taking your child to the library and having him or her pick her own chapter books can be a great way to engage them in reading. As your children read chapter books, resist helping too much. If your child is an independent reader, he or she will likely want to learn on their own. But make sure they know they’re available if they have any questions. Helping Struggling Readers On the other hand, if your children are struggling with reading and resist transitioning to chapter books, you may have to have more of a presence. As reading becomes more difficult, children can become more resistant to it and it can become a chore. You can help by having your children pick books they’re interested in. Actively participate in reading with your child. You can take turns reading chapters to one another; that way, your children get to practice but also get a break while you read aloud. Hearing you and listening to the story can engage them and encourage them to read on their own to get to the next part. Popular Chapter Books To help your child make the transition to chapter books, compelling stories can help pique his or her interest. Popular chapter books include The Boxcar Children, Freckle Juice, Diary of a Wimpy Kid and the Amelia Bedelia series. You can also try different genres, such as adventure stories, animal-centric tales, and fantasy books. Transitioning to Chapter Books Making the switch to chapter books is a big step in your child’s education. With your support and engagement, you can help a lifelong love of reading that can help your child throughout his or her lifetime.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Measuring Quality of Life Based on Geography

Measuring Quality of Life Based on Geography Perhaps the most important aspect of living that we sometimes take for granted is the quality of life that we receive by living and working where we do. For instance, the ability for you to peruse these words through the use of a computer is something that might be censored in some Middle Eastern countries and China. Even our capability to walk safely down a street is something that some countries (and even some cities in the United States) may lack. Identifying areas with the highest quality of life offers an important view of cities and ​countries while providing information for those hoping to relocate. Measuring  Quality of Life By Geography One way of looking at a places quality of life is by the amount of output it produces each year. This is especially handy in the case of a country considering many countries have varying degrees of production, differing resources, and distinctive conflicts and problems within them. The major way of measuring a countrys output per year is by looking at the countrys gross domestic product, or GDP. The GDP is the amount of goods and services produced within a country annually and is typically a good indication of the amount of money flowing in and out of the country. When we divide a countrys total GDP by its total population, we get GDP per capita which reflects what each individual of that country takes home (on average) per year. The idea is that the more money we have the better off we are. Top 5 Countries with the Largest GDPs The following are the top five countries with the largest GDPs in 2010 according to the World Bank: 1) United States: $14,582,400,000,0002) China: $5,878,629,000,0003) Japan: $5,497,813,000,0004) Germany: $3,309,669,000,0005) France: $2,560,002,000,000 Countries with Highest-Ranked GDP Per Capita The five highest-ranked countries in terms of GDP per capita in 2010 according to the World Bank: 1) Monaco: $186,1752) Liechtenstein: $134,3923) Luxembourg: $108,7474) Norway: $84,8805) Switzerland: $67,236 It seems that small developed countries are ranked the highest in terms of per capita income. This is a good indicator to see what the average salary is of a country but can be a bit misleading since these small countries are also some of the richest and, therefore, must be the most well off. Since this indicator can be a bit distorted due to the population size, there exist other factors which further inform quality of life. Human Poverty Index Another metric for looking at how well-off a countrys people are is to take into consideration the Human Poverty Index (HPI) of the country. The HPI for developing countries represents quality of life by formulating the probability of not surviving to age 40, the adult literacy rate, and the average amount of the countrys population who have little to no access to clean drinking water. While the outlook for this metric is seemingly dismal, it does provide important clues as to what countries are better off. There is a second HPI that is used mostly for those countries that are considered developed. The United States, Sweden, and Japan are good examples. The aspects that are formulated for this HPI are the probability of not surviving to age 60, the number of adults lacking functional literacy skills, the percentage of ​the  population with income below the poverty line, and the rate of unemployment lasting longer than 12 months. Other Measures and Indicators of Quality of Life A well-known survey that attracts a lot of international attention is the Mercer Quality of Living Survey. The annual list places New York City with a baseline score of 100 to act as the median for all other cities to compare with. The rankings consider many different aspects from cleanliness and safety to culture and infrastructure. The list is a very valuable resource for ambitious companies looking to set up an office internationally, and also for employers to decide on how much to pay at certain offices. Recently, Mercer began to factor in environmental friendliness into their equation for cities with the highest qualities of life as a means of better qualifying what makes a great city. There exist a few unusual indicators for measuring quality of life as well. For example, the king of Bhutan in the 1970s (Jigme Singye Wangchuck) decided to overhaul the Bhutanese economy by having each member of the country strive for happiness as opposed to money. He felt that GDP was rarely a good indicator of happiness as the indicator fails to take into account environmental and ecological improvements and their effects, yet includes defense expenditures that rarely benefit a countrys happiness. He developed an indicator called Gross National Happiness (GNH), which is somewhat difficult to measure. For instance, while GDP is an easy tally of goods and services sold within a country, GNH doesnt have much for quantitative measures. However, scholars have tried their best to make some sort of quantitative measurement and have found a countrys GNH to be a function of the well-being of a human in economic, environmental, political, social, workplace, physical, and mental terms. These terms, when aggregated and analyzed, can define how happy a nation is. There are also a number of other ways to quantify ones quality of life. A second alternative is the genuine progress indicator (GPI) which is similar to GDP but instead looks to see if a countrys growth has actually made people better off in that nation. For instance, if the financial costs of crimes, environmental degradation, and natural resource losses are higher than the financial gains made through production, then the countrys growth is uneconomic. One statistician who has created a way to analyze trends in data and growth is the Swedish academic Hans Rosling. His creation, Gapminder Foundation, has compiled plenty of useful data for the public to access, and even a visualizer, which allows for a user to look at trends over time. It is a great tool for anyone interested in growth or health statistics.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

State of the Union Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

State of the Union - Assignment Example This is not taken kindly by some republicans who assert that he is more concerned with politics than with the development and well being of the nation. The democrats supported the plans to raise the minimum wage. Later positing that increasing minimum wage is the quickest and surest way of putting money in the pockets of workers. The amount of the money the workers will spend will in turn increase demand for commodities and services and therefore create more jobs. The Vice President seems to be in agreement with the president throughout his speech, but his facial expression changes with the disapproval of most of the planned policies by the republicans, as pointed out in their speeches. Explain the differences in the two men’s responses on the basis of the difference between liberal (Democratic Party) and conservative (Republican Party) ideologies. (The Vice President and the Speaker) According to the two, it is clear that there is a distinction between the views of the democrats and republicans on several issues affecting the citizens of the US. The republicans seem to reject anything Obama would offer. As such, the conservatives feel that the government should serve the people and not the other way round. On taxes and wealth, republicans feel that the government keeps interfering which could have negative ramifications. This was clear with the issue of raising minimum wage and tax increases mentioned in the speech. The conservatives opt for a free market, which is self regulating without government coming in between. As such, they are of the view that instead of raising taxes, lowering them would be good for everyone. The best way to raise the standard of living for Americans is to let people pursue their own goals with reduced bureaucracy which tends to be an obstacle. Liberals on the other hand feel that the ultimate purpose of the government is to improve the lives of the people by reducing poverty,

Friday, October 18, 2019

Managing Culturally Diverse Workplaces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Culturally Diverse Workplaces - Essay Example Such a tight private schedule may, of course, have consequences for working life. Another aspect of privacy is that Scandinavians are not very extrovert. These unique features of Bosnian employee sallow to say that Ado and his wife Alen require speicla programs and attention of supervisor (Barham and Conway 1998). The main problems faced by people in Bosnia are unstable political situation and cultural diversity (racism) caused by national differences between Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nationalism and civil war state cause people to be suspicious and distrustful. Bosnia suffers from economic crisis and high inflation rates, social and political instability, poverty and low quality of healthcare services. Coming to Brisbane, it is difficult for Ado and his family to adapt to new environment and overcome cultural shock (Brislin, 1993). Bosnian manager is not supposed to publicly reveal his or her feelings - and if he or she does, it should be separated from 'objective' and 'rational' decisions (Brislin, 1993). This means, among other things, that Bosnians are commonly described as 'serious. Bosnian businesspeople describe themselves, among other characteristics, as serious; sensible and silent. The Bosnian disposition to reasonableness, tolerance compromise and modesty also has a negative aspect in that some would argue that a person can discern forces that might work against initiative, risk-taking and, in extension, keep down entrepreneurialism (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999). 2. The main strategies which would help Ado and his family to overcome cultural shock are cross cultural participation and a special plan for career opportunities, attention to need of the family and relocation assistance. A few minutes of "small talk" can often reduce the stress. Effective administrators know when to slow the pace and talk about nonthreatening subjects. However, not even the most tactful administrators always succeed in establishing trust. A small number of minority approach managers and supervisors in ways that are outright defensive--they use profanity and behave indiscreetly. Such defense mechanisms do not usually reflect faulty personalities. Rather, protection of the ego is normal; but a disproportionate use of defenses indicates a lack of security. Culturally different workers, particularly ethnic minorities, seek to maintain their psychological balance during times of stress in several ways, such as by rationalizations, reaction formation, overcompensation, o r projection. People who believe they are members of an underclass or out-group often develop rigid, persistent, and chronic ego-protection devices (Brake et al 1995). The major determining factor is the quality of interaction among people. The first step in establishing rapport with minority workers is to help them relax. To do so, the administrator must be relaxed. A special attention should be given to accommodation and food of Ado and his family. A company can advise Ado where to buy special food and how to behave in new environment. It is important to familiarize Ado with new cultural traditions and organizational culture, value

Consider a local business whose services you frequently use. What are Essay

Consider a local business whose services you frequently use. What are the main components of this company's business model - Essay Example Through these components, the business has managed to create an effective business model giving it a competitive advantage over its competitors since the products produced are of high quality and at a considerably lower price. The business currently implements the joint-stock venture form of business organization where their main suppliers and distributors are ventures in the business thus the cost of production and consequently the price of their products is lower than the competitors’. The business gets into business ventures with its suppliers and other parties of interest in the business to decrease the cost of operation and hence deliver products at a relatively low price thus increasing its overall sales and profit. By so doing, the business ensures that it is the main shareholder and owner of the business but only splits earned profits with the other ventures. Unlike the partnership form of business organization, the business does not distribute its shares among the ventures but instead only distributes the profit earned thus the business owner retains ownership of the business even when the ventures dissolve their contracts. The form of business organization is also beneficial. When the business ventures decide to leave the agreement, the business does not need to be dissolved in order to complete the request, thus it is easier to add and remove ventures from the business contract hence more flexibility for the business to adapt to changes and customer demands to increase /retain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Compared to a sole proprietorship, the form of business organization implemented by the business is advantageous in that the operational costs of the business is shared among the ventures thus the business owner does not bare losses or the burden of meeting the business’s operational costs alone. This is important since it

Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer's Nursing as Caring Theory Assignment

Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer's Nursing as Caring Theory - Assignment Example The authors specifically state that nursing is not only a profession but also a discipline. Boykin and Schoenhofer (2010) claim that the Nursing as Caring Theory is a better framework to improve an individual’s understanding of caring as it particularly emphasizes the need of nursing knowledge to increase the care quality and patient safety (p.371). Since this knowledge comes from situations, the Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer consider nursing situation as a key concept of the theory. In actual practice, this theory makes significant contributions to nursing practice, nursing administration, nursing education, and nursing research and development. The Nursing as Caring theory enhances nurses’ knowledge about caring their clients in creative and individualized ways in a situation-specific environment. In addition, as Purnell (2013) purports, this framework assists nursing administrators to develop and implement policies within the organization in order to improve operational efficiency and thereby to achieve higher degree of patient safety (p.371). Evid ently, a clear understanding of personhood contributes notably to nursing knowledge and education. This theoretical framework can be better used by researchers to explore the patterns of caring personality and improve the quality of the care delivered. Since Nursing as Caring is a grand theory, it can be applied to real life situations in collaboration with other nursing theories like Watsons theory of nursing or Orems theory of nursing. Today the growing number of clinical errors becomes a great threat to the medical field, and in most cases the issue is caused by the negligence of caring staff. Here the theory of Nursing as Caring can be applied to improve the situation because this theory greatly emphasizes the virtue of humanness in a caring environment. When humanness is valued greatly and considerable importance is given to care

Thursday, October 17, 2019

GETTING FINANCING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GETTING FINANCING - Essay Example As the name suggests, debt financing is borrowing money from some financial institutions, usually a bank, which you will have to repay after a certain period with interest. Entrepreneurs may borrow money for short term, which means for less than a year. Usually short-term loans are for financing working capital requirements, operational activities, filling the gaps in accounts receivables and inventory (Horne & Wachowicz, 2008). On the other hand, long-term loans, which are for more than one year, are usually the ones that entrepreneurs usually look for to finance their assets, capital, land, buildings, machinery and other costs of starting a business venture. Clearly, debt financing has certain advantages. Firstly, the interest that is paid on these loans is tax deductible thus providing a tax advantage (Bygrave & Zacharakis, 2010). Secondly, as we will see that equity financing provides a part of ownership in the business to its financers, however, the same is not the case with debt financing. Lenders, unlike shareholders, do not get any ownership in the business and thus the entrepreneur retains the sole control of the business (Shim & Siegel, 2008). Thirdly, the entrepreneur usually will get many options with regard to the maturity time and the amount of interest payable per month or per year. Lastly, compared with equity financing, debt financing is less hassle and less time consuming, whereas it may take months for someone to appear on a stock exchange list and getting enough shareholders (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2008). However, the disadvantages of debt financing are significant as well. Firstly, unexpected changes in interest rates due to economic downturns, at times, create a disaster for borrowers (Horne & Wachowicz, 2008). Moreover, even if these economic downturns of macro environment events fail to alter the revenue and

Big business Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Big business - Outline Example This paper directly relates to the current issues that involve the manner which organizations are doing business. This is because of globalization, and the era of multi-national corporations, where business organizations are involved in an expansion strategy aimed at increasing the share of their markets, and their profits. However, these organizations cannot invest in a hostile climate that is full of civil war. This is because they would most definitely make losses, and infrastructures do not exist, that can help in the facilitation of business activities. Therefore, having a complete understanding of the political and business environment of a particular region is important because it helps in the development of a decision on whether to expand in a given economy or not. The reason I choose this paper is based on the fact that the world is cur5rently experiencing a series of civil wars. This includes a civil war in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Nigeria, etc. These wars play a role in limiting the growth of these states, and in the conduction of international trade. For example, a country such as Nigeria, Iraq and Libya has various multi-national corporations which are in charge of drilling oil, and exploring oil substances. Civil conflicts and political instability would scare off international investors, leading to the collapse of the economies of these countries. The limitation of this paper, is that it does not provide adequate information on how top prevent civil wars. I intend to get this information from books, specifically books written about democracy and politics. Political journals would also be another source of information aimed at supplementing the information contained in this article. This paper examines the causes of conflict, in making countries to be unstable. This paper concerns itself with

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

GETTING FINANCING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GETTING FINANCING - Essay Example As the name suggests, debt financing is borrowing money from some financial institutions, usually a bank, which you will have to repay after a certain period with interest. Entrepreneurs may borrow money for short term, which means for less than a year. Usually short-term loans are for financing working capital requirements, operational activities, filling the gaps in accounts receivables and inventory (Horne & Wachowicz, 2008). On the other hand, long-term loans, which are for more than one year, are usually the ones that entrepreneurs usually look for to finance their assets, capital, land, buildings, machinery and other costs of starting a business venture. Clearly, debt financing has certain advantages. Firstly, the interest that is paid on these loans is tax deductible thus providing a tax advantage (Bygrave & Zacharakis, 2010). Secondly, as we will see that equity financing provides a part of ownership in the business to its financers, however, the same is not the case with debt financing. Lenders, unlike shareholders, do not get any ownership in the business and thus the entrepreneur retains the sole control of the business (Shim & Siegel, 2008). Thirdly, the entrepreneur usually will get many options with regard to the maturity time and the amount of interest payable per month or per year. Lastly, compared with equity financing, debt financing is less hassle and less time consuming, whereas it may take months for someone to appear on a stock exchange list and getting enough shareholders (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2008). However, the disadvantages of debt financing are significant as well. Firstly, unexpected changes in interest rates due to economic downturns, at times, create a disaster for borrowers (Horne & Wachowicz, 2008). Moreover, even if these economic downturns of macro environment events fail to alter the revenue and

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Azerbaijan Essay Example for Free

Azerbaijan Essay The country was among the birthplaces of mankind and is located at the heart of ancient civilizations. Furthermore the country is known to be among the most progressive and secular Islamic societies. Aside from having been the first Muslim country to have operas, theater plays, and a democratic republic, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion but the majority of people adhere to the Shia branch of Islam, although Muslim identity tends to be based more on culture and ethnicity rather than religion and Azerbaijan remains as one of the most liberal majority-Muslim nations. The pre-Turkic Azerbaijani population spoke an Iranian language called the Old Azeri language, which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language, now known as the Azerbaijani language from the 11th century onward until it became completely extinct in the 16th century. To distinguish it from the Turkic Azerbaijani or Azeri language, this Iranian language, is designated as the Azeri language (or Old Azeri language), because the Turkic language and people are also designated as Azeri in the Persian language. Azerbaijan is in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It lies between latitudes 38Â ° and 42Â ° N, and longitudes 44Â ° and 51Â ° E. The total length of Azerbaijans land borders is 2,648 km (1,645 mi), of which 1007 kilometers are with Armenia, 756 kilometers with Iran, 480 kilometers with Georgia, 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey. The coastline stretches for 800 km (497 mi), and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is 456 km (283 mi). The territory of Azerbaijan extends 400 km (249 mi) from north to south, and 500 km (311 mi) from west to east. Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan: the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the countrys center. There are also three mountain ranges, the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, and the Talysh Mountains, together covering approximately 40 percent of the country. The main water sources are the surface waters. However, only 24 of the 8,350 rivers are greater than 100 km (62 mi) in length. All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country. Since the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991, the Azerbaijani government has taken drastic measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan. But national protection of the environment started to truly improve after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. Within four years protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the countrys territory. Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection. Azerbaijans diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country. The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates. Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan; they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is particularly evidenced by fragments of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The countrys water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human introduced industrial activities. Artificial rivers (canals) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijans water systems. From the water supply point, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 m? year of water per km?. The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks and stones survived up to the present times. The first information on the animal kingdom of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in 17th century. Unlike fauna, the conce pt of animal kingdom covers not only the types of animals, but also the number of individual species. There are 106 species of mammals, 97 species of fish, 363 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan. The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse, a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan. The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper, speed, elegance and intelligence. It is one of the oldest breeds, with ancestry dating to the ancient world. Azerbaijans vegetation consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants. Due the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the vegetation is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus. Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions; 66 rayons and 77 cities of which 11 are under the direct authority of the republic. Also, Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan. The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Self-ruling Republic. Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan. The countrys large abundance of natural and cultural attractions make it an attractive destination of visitors. The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s; yet, the Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s crippled the tourist industry and damaged the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination. It was not until 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays. In the recent years, Azerbaijan has also becoming a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism. Around 95 percent of the populations are Muslims. 85% of the Muslims are Shia Muslims and 15% Sunni Muslims, and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the Second highest Shia population percentage after Iran. There are some other faiths practiced among the different ethnic groups within the country. By article 48 of its Constitution, Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom. Of the nations religious minorities, Christians are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh). The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences. Today, Western influences, including globalized consumer culture, are strong. National traditions are well preserved in the country. Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are: music, literature, folk dances and art, cuisine, architecture, cinematography and Novruz Bayram. The latter is the traditional celebration of the ancient New Year. Novruz is a family holiday. The traditional cuisine is famous for richness of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes. Fresh herbs, including mint, dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table. Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes, which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea, local meat (mainly mutton and beef), and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Saffron-rice ploy is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage. Azerbaijan–Turkey relations have always been strong with the two often being described as one nation with two states by the ex-president of Azerbaijan Abulfaz Elchibey due to a common culture and history, and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey has been a staunch supporter of Azerbaijan in its efforts to consolidate its independence, preserve its territorial integrity and realize its economic potential arising from the rich natural resources of the Caspian Sea. The countries share a short border, with the Aras River separating Turkey from the Nakhchivan exclave for just a few kilometers. Today, the relationship with Azerbaijan represents the most important bilateral partnership in current Turkish foreign policy while Azerbaijani foreign policy affirms its relationship with Turkey as one of its most enduring bilateral relationships, as evidenced in aligned political affairs, mutual cooperation in the areas of trade, commerce, finance, technology, academics, as well as the arts and sciences; the sharing of government and military intelligence, and joint combat operations and peace keeping missions carried out between Azerbaijani Armed Forces and Turkish Armed Forces.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Examining Major Library Management Software Information Technology Essay

Examining Major Library Management Software Information Technology Essay With the gradual shift from earlier agricultural era to todays information era the users expectations towards library services has been changed. Now a days users are intended to get their required information through online. Even they have not enough time to search manual bibliographical sources of information to know the location of the document in the library, they needed. Users are so busy now. Therefore it is necessary for every library information centers to automate their services that are offered to the users of information. 2. WHAT IS LIBRARY AUTOMATION? International Encyclopedia of Information technology and library science defines automation as the technology concerned with the design and development of process and system that minimize the necessity of human invention in their operation. The term Library Automation in the past was used to refer to the mechanization of the traditional library operations like acquisition, serial control, cataloguing and circulation control. Today it is used to refer computerization of not only traditional library activities but also such related activities as information organization, information storage, retrieval, use etc Although computers play very important role in the automation of libraries, application of telecommunication and reprography technology is also equally important. 3. NEED FOR LIBRARY AUTOMATION The need for library automation can be explained following To facilitate wider and deeper access to information; To increase the retrievability of the resources; To achieve a new level of library management; To improve the existing services and to introduce new services; To improve control over collection; To have an efficient control over the entire operation; To avoid the duplication of work; To facilitate sharing of the resources among various libraries. Some of the factors that forced the libraries to go for automating the activities are: Information Explosion; Space Saving; Time saving; Availability of information in electronic form; Cost effectiveness; Data manipulation; Exploitation of computer readable databases. Therefore it can be said that the success of library automation mostly depends upon the nature of the software used for the purpose. Software helps in performing each every operations of an automated library information centers so quickly easily. 4. WHAT IS LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE? An automated library is one where a computer system is applied to manage one or several of the librarys key operations. Such as acquisitions, serials control, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalogue. Automated library system depends on library automation packages are also called Library Management Software (LMS). Library automation software provides centralized management and process automation for government; public, private libraries .Library automation applications provide integration of self-service kiosks and online web portal access for catalog search, content delivery or reservation requests and patron check-out history. They also track and automate notification of overdue books and fines. 5. BENEFITS OF USING LMS IN LIBRARY Software helps in performing library operations quickly easily and thus saving the time of the users and staff. It also saves the manpower. LMS are integrated software package. LMS are compatible to various hardware systems. It is compatible to national international bibliographic standards. Operation in a multi-user environment. Operation in a networked environment. User friendly and menu driven. Least response time. Capable of handling bibliographical, numerical as well as textual data, also variable field. Sub-fields repeatable fields. Provision of data security through password. Provision for thesaurus and authority file maintenance. Output facility through card printing; bibliographies and on magnetic media (tape; diskette etc). Facilitate search through Boolean logic; Single term search; Multiple term search; Truncation search; Field directed searching etc. Import/ Export of data through standard exchange format. Provide powerful scanner capabilities. Display, sort and print records as per user defined formats. WWW interfacing. Multimedia compatibility. 6. LIBRARY AUTOMATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES There are hundreds of library automation software packages available at the global level. It is difficult to list them all. Here is a table that shows list of some available software packages designed and developed for the libraries. TABLE: 1 Sl. No. Name of the software Designing, Developing, Marketing/Distributing Agency/Organizations 1 CDS/ISIS (DOS), WINISIS(WINDOWS) UNESCO ,in India NISSAT/DSIT acts as the nodal agency 2 ALICE for Windows ,OASIS for DOS Soft Link Pvt., Australia. Marketed in India by Soft Link Asia 3 BASISPLUS and TECHLIB PLUS Information Dimensions Inc.(IDI), USA and NIC, New Delhi 4 SOUL INFLBNET center, Ahamedabad 5 Libsys Libsys corporation, New Delhi 6 Koha Katipo Communications Limited of Wellington, New Zealand 7 VIRTUAILS VTLS Inc, Virginia, USA 8 LAMP Jointly by Netherlands Library Association ,Pakistan Library Association and UNESCO 9 LIBSUIT SOFT-AID Computer Ltd., Pune 10 LIBRIS Frontier Information Technology Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad 11 WINSANJAY By DESIDOC under a NISSAT project 12 NG-TLMS.NET Developed in Germany by TRANCE Group 13 AUTOLIB By Autolib Software System, Chennai 14 E-GRANTHALYA By NIC, Bangalore 15 GRANTHALYA NISCAIR 16 NEWGENLIB By collaboration of Kesavan Institute of Information and Knowledge Management(KIIKM), Hyderabad and Venus Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 17 NEXLIB NEX Evolve Logic Solution Pvt. Ltd. 18 SLIM Algorhythems Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Pune 19 LIBMAN Datapro Consultancy Service,Pune 20 Maitrayee CMC Ltd., Kolkata 21 MINISIS Nirmal Institute of Computer Expertise, Tiruchirapalli 22 TULIP Tata Unisys, Noida 23 NILIS Asmita Consultant Ltd.,Mumbai 24 EASYLIB Easylib Corporation, Bangalore 25 TROODON Comtek service Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 6.1 SOUL: A SEMI COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE SOUL (Software for University Libraries) provided by INFLIBNET center, Ahmedabad, INDIA. This software is intended to be provided to all the university libraries, which have been covered under INFLIBNET for which a separate agreement will have to be signed by each library. For others who are interested in using this software, particularly public funded organizations, separate modalities are being worked out including pricing, support, training etc. Hardly a cost in comparison to other commercial software is given by the libraries. That is why SOUL software is a semi commercial software. The software was designed to automate all house keeping operations in Library. The software is suitable not only for the academic libraries, but also for all types sizes of libraries, even school libraries. 6.2 LIBSYS: A PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE Libsys is a proprietary software. The term proprietary is derived from the Latin word proprietas meaning property. Proprietary software is computer software licensed under exclusive legal right of its owner. The purchaser, or licensee, is given the right to use the software under certain conditions, but restricted from other uses, such as modification, further distribution, or reverse engineering. LIBSYS is developed by Libsys Corporation, New Delhi. Libsys is a complete, comprehensive, integrated system that manages all aspects of all kind of libraries i.e. public, national, higher education and research libraries. 6.3 KOHA: AN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE KOHA is a full featured Integrated Library System. It is an open source software. There is no cost for the license; you have the freedom to modify the product to adapt it to your needs. Like other open source software KOHA also provide the original source code used to create it so that users can modify it to make it work better for them. KOHA developed initially in New Zealand by Katipo Communications with Horowhenua Library Trust in1999. Koha is using now by so many libraries around the world, including academic, public, school, special libraries of Australia, Africa, Canada, USA, France, India and off course New Zealand. 7. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THESE THREE KINDS OF SOFTWARE This paper gives emphasize on a comparative study among these 3 types of software. Each one has unique features regarding to its server, web server, Architecture, client, price, standard support, training provided to the customers etc. The following Table: 2 Shows the comparisons between these. TABLE: 2 Sl. No. FEATURE SOUL LIBSYS KOHA 1 Architecture Client-server based architecture, only OPAC is web based. Based on client-server model and TCP/IP for communication and networking. Based on a client-server architecture. 2 Server Windows-NT/ Windows2000 server (operating system) MS-SQL server 7.0/ Advance server 2000(RDBMS) personal web server or Windows NT IIS with option pack 4.0 installed or Windows 2000 as server for web opac college version windows-98/ ME/NT/2000/XP/2003(operating system). UNIX, LINUX Pentium machine with SCO Unix/Unix Ware SunSparc with solaris Alpha with OSF/1 RS/6000 with AIX HP-9000 with IRIX Windows NT/2000/XP Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP/ 2003(operating system) Windows/Linux 3 Client Standard Windows (95/98/NT/2000/XP) Standard Windows (95/98/NT/2000/XP) Web Enabled (JSP implementation) Unix Workstations X-Windows Workstations (Xterm) VT220 compatible terminals Thin Java clients. Windows/Linux 4 Web server IIS Apache, IIS Apache, IIS. 5 GUI Based on GUI browsers. Based on GUI browsers. Based on GUI browsers. 6 Character Encoding Unicode for Language Computing Support ISCII UNICODE UNICODE 7 Standard support Support internationally known standards such as MARC 21, CCF, AACR2, LCSH. MARC 21 and AACR2R(selected authority fields) a)Industry standards: Z39.50, UNIMARC, ISO2709, MARC21 b)Technical standards: the OPAC is valid XHTML, and respects the standards o accessibility c) web standards recommended by the WWW Consortium. 8 Database MSSQL, MYSQL Software can be used with either SQL Server, ORACLE, or MySQL as a back-end RDBMS with ODBC compatibility. Koha uses a dual database design that utilizes the strengths of the two major industry-standard database types (text-based and RDBMS). This design feature ensures that Koha is scalable enough to meet the transaction load of any library, no matter what the size of the library. 9 Data import /export data exchange through ISO-2709 standard CCF(ISO-2709), MARC(ANSI-Z39.x) data exchange through ISO-2709 standard 10 Acquisition Module yes yes yes Catalogue Module yes yes yes Circulation Module yes yes yes OPAC Module yes yes yes Serial Control Module yes yes yes Administrati-on Module yes yes yes 11 Training and manual An extensive training in SOUL will be provided to the library staff on site upon its installation by Inflibnet staff Only user manual is available, system manual (such as installation and configuration of server not provided) system manual kept hidden or not provided so that AMC (Annual Maintenance Contract) can be taken from libraries. Full training and manual is provided 12 Support Team National and Regional Soul coordinators are appointed for this,free support is provided Costly only on the basis of AMC(10 to 20% of total costs) charged from the libraries Only online discussion and support is available free of cost 13 Price 20-50 thousand. No AMC 4 to 5 lakhs and 10-20% AMC. Free 14 License No other commitment, what is their in it may be used Bias with developers and distributors, even committed things are not yet done properly at various places where it is in use. General Public License 15 Latest Release SOUL 1.0 was released during CALIBER 2000. The latest version of the software i.e. SOUL 2.0 released by the end of the year 2008. 3.2 (October 2010) 16 Nature of developing organization Non for profit or government Commercial Developing under open source category. 8. CONCLUSION As it was mentioned earlier that the success of library automation mostly depends upon the nature of the software it is used for. Therefore it is necessary for any library information center that they choose the software very carefully. The management must discuss about how the software matches the librarys requirements, product quality, cost factor, various features of the software, its functions, installation date and time duration of installation, staff training, support services, licensing, used standard etc. Here we discussed about these 3 software and it can be said that as in Koha the source code is open so the users are free to innovate and improve the software to meet their needs free. Innovation also means that open source software has much faster development cycles when compared to proprietary and commercial software. Because as the source code is open so it can be improve again again. But this is not possible in the case of other 2 software. LIBSYS is so costly (around 4-5 lakhs). So it is not possible for a small library to adopt it. But in case of a big library where money is not a big issue for their LIBSYS is appropriate. Because data entry, searching procedure is so much easy in LIBSYS and also when technical support is needed for application of the software in the library LIBSYS always provide it. Although SOUL is not so costly but it required a large technically strong manpower. So SOUL is appropriate for a big library who can provide manpower but at the same time they have not enough money to effort LIBSYS or some other costly software. Although SOUL has a college version also. And for a small library which can not afford money but they are intendent to make their services and operational functions automate and even they have not also manpower ability. For them KOHA is the only option. Even though wide range of Library automation softwares are available , it is necessary for librarians to keep watch on the developments and to choose appropriate software package depending on their needs.