Improving Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services

Improving Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services Blood Banking services is one of the most important operations worldwide. The blood banking service provides the resources for transfusion needed in every medical intervention, whether in peacetime or during war. This paper observes the process of blood banking supply chain, starting with the upstream suppliers of raw material (blood) and down to the downstream consumers of products (hospitals). In the first part of this paper we present an overview of the supply chain of blood banking, and review the relevant research and literature regarding supply chain management of blood banking. In the second part, we select two areas of the supply chain and select key performance indicators (KPIs) that observe the quality of the supply chain of blood banking, from an aspect of service quality and cost control. We set the current levels of these KPIs with relevant information if it is readily available or by extrapolation from historical data where the current levels are unavailable. In the third part, we propose changes to the supply chain to improve the areas of review. These improvements will be indicated by changes in the selected KPIs. Analysis of supply chain performance Corporate Overview Canadian Blood Services (CBS) is the national non-profit organization created to manage the blood supply throughout Canada outside Quebec. Canadian Blood Services operates 41 permanent collection sites and more than 20,000 donor clinics annually (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002). The main products of CBS are Red Blood Cells, Plasma protein products, Platelets and Plasma for transfusion. In 2008 CBS collected 915,858 units of whole blood from 425,000 donors. CBS services provides blood supply services for a population approximately 26,201,377 (Statistics Canada, 2010). Blood Banking Process Overview of CBS The overall process of blood supply is the following: a given geographic region is serviced by a regional blood center (RBC) and smaller community blood centers (CBCs). These are responsible for providing blood products to hospitals. To achieve this, the Blood Centers must plan donor collection at planned locations. Donors are invited to donate blood to donor clinics. To reach a wider donor population, mobile collection units (specialized vehicles) are sent to sites where there are no fixed donor clinics (Pierskalla, 2004.). Depending on the requirements for blood products, the whole blood are collected into appropriate bags are used when drawing blood. The collected whole blood is sent to a CBC or RBC for processing. There, it is tested for viruses and diseases, and final components are prepared from the whole blood. The components are placed into inventory for shipments to hospitals based on their blood product requirements. CBS operates only 41 permanent collection sites/RBC. The supply of blood products is then distributed to hospital blood centers, without community blood centers. The blood products are highly perishable, with shelf life from 5 to 35 days. If a particular component exceeds its maximum shelf life, it must be destroyed. This process is presented on the following figure. Current target of meeting demand is 95% of hospital demand nine months out of twelve. Literature review (Keal and Hebert, 2010) conclude that blood banks must reorganize their mindset and adopt KPIs on a daily basis. Naturally, financial, operations and executive levels may be interested in a different set of indicators. Blood banks need to perform analysis with a much greater frequency then currently performed to become more elastic to demand and changing environment. As a first step, a blood bank needs to identify which issues it needs to address when implementing KPIs. (Jennings, 1973)- Cooperation between is successful in outdate and shortage management is a good choice. Common inventory policy between blood centers reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 72% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 64% for a 5 blood center cluster. Simple threshold transfer policy reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 61% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 54% for a 5 blood center cluster. This operates on a Outdate / Shortage ratio of 1.0 (equal number of shortages and outdates). Simple treshold transfer is much more efficient in transport logistics and costs, as well as information support systems. (Prastacos, 1984) Blood collection is through organized collections, invited donors and walk in donors. No donor should be returned. This variance in collection environemnt dictates very careful selection of Optimal component processing policies to achieve optimal supply of proposed products. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks). The positive reinforcement is a key conclusion of the research of (Oswalt, 1977). (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009)- Discusses that a Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) control for blood products can be extremely efficient, including scenarios of multiple products. (Jones, 2003) Changes to regulation and public events can cause a significant dip in donations and cause blood product shortages. These can be localized, and impact the different regions differently, thus testing the elasticity of the system. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks).The blood donor pool needs to be further researched, since significant number of potential donors are untapped. (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) – performs a computer simulation model of the blood banking environment end-to-end and concludes that there are room for changes that will improve the overall system state. These changes include changes in stock planning, management of inventory Key Performance Indicators, KPIÂ ´s, are indicators showing what needs to be done in an internal operative perspective. These KPIÂ ´s focus on the parts of an organisations performance that are the most critical to success, both for present time and future. A good KPI affects a number of critical success factors. It also affects other KPIÂ ´s in a positive manner. Parmenter (2007, page 3) Due to Neely et al (2000), each company has to map their way to success through identifying a number of key factors in the process When implementing KPIs, it is of utmost importance that goal measures for every KPI are defined. Shahin and Mahbod (2007) claim that SMART goal setting is a commonly used set of criteria of how to set goals. SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Sensitive. The service level is the ability for the company to secure delivery to its customers. When calculating the safety stock the service level is used. (Mattsson, 2004, page 160) decrease the holding stock to 4 days, the introduction of two routine deliveries in working hours to better manage orders from the NBS and grouped transport to hospitals, a more insensitive ad-hoc ordering point for RBCs to 35% of the optimal stock level, the reduction of the total crossmatch release period (before and after transfusion) to 1 day, the increase of the transfusion to crossmatch ratio to 70%, either through stricter compliance with the recommended ordering system leading to more accurate orders placed by doctors, or by applyingm ultiple-crossmatchingte chniques, strict adherence of the hospital blood bank when cross-matching units to a FIFO order for units coming from the Centre and LIFO for the unused, returned units from the other wards. In other words, compliance with a FIFO order accordingt o the collection/productiond ate of the unit Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Procurement The main challenge in the procurement process for blood banks is the supply of the source of all blood products – donors who can vary since donors are volunteers. The supply is further impacted by the list of viruses and diseases that the donations need to be screened for before the products can be used for transfusions (Pierskalla, 2004.). All collected whole blood and blood products are stored in special containers – bags that differ depending on the product they contain. A defective batch of containers delivered from the manufacturer will cause a recall and destruction of an entire batch of collected WBC or entire batches of products. The CBS procurement KPIs that will be investigated are: Percent of RBC shipped vs whole blood collected – This KPI will measure the ratio of of red blood cells shipped to the whole blood collected. From the collected blood, there can be discards due to a variety of reasons (quality control, test results, post-donation information, equipment problems, process non-conformances). This ratio indicates the quality of blood collection and processing. CBS has an average of 79% ratio of this KPI over a 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Blood product recalls per 10,000 collections – This KPI measures the number of blood product recalls once they have been distributed to the hospitals that need to be recalled due to errors, accidents and post-donation information, for every 10,000 blood collections. This ratio is important to since it influences the overall customer satisfaction, and causes costs for the reverse logistics. CBS had the worst recall ratio in 2008, with significant decrease in 2009 (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Whole blood donors – A very straightforward KPI, which tracks the number of persons that donated whole blood – the upstream suppliers. This KPI needs to be closely followed, since a declining number of donors indicate a very real risk of blood and product shortages since the upstream supply is reducing. CBS historical data for this KPI indicates a varying trend in the past 3 years (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Units of whole blood collected vs Number of Whole blood donors – This KPI presents the prolificacy of each donor during the year. The average waiting period between donations for a donor is 70 days. This means that at most, a single donor can make 5 donations per year. CBS has this KPI at a very constant 2.17 over the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of blood containers defective per 10,000 units collected- Since the blood procurement process is extremely dependent on the correct and good quality containers –bags. Therefore, a KPI is needed to identify the amount of defective containers, and properly manage the supplier relationship with the suppliers of these containers. CBS has seen the most defective bags are noted in 2008, with a declining trend in 2009. Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Inventory Management As (Jennings, 1973) concludes, three of the most important measures in inventory management in any blood bank are shortage, outdating and cost. We will review the following KPIs in the CBS model: Number of component indate discards over components produced – The discarded components from inventory within their shelf life are part of the total loss of stock. Recalls for any reasons, as well as defective containers cause indate discards. But indate discards from inventory reduces available inventory, and can impact the carefully planned balance of procurement, stock and distribution. CBS has a trend of reduction of indate discards in stock, which is consistent with the increasing percentage of delivery of products to collected blood units. Number of outdated components to total components in inventory – Since blood products are extremely perishable, there is no opportunity to keep a stock of blood products for any long period of time unless they are cryofrozen (out of scope of this paper). The outdated components are the stock of products that have not been used before their shelf life has passed. This KPI is crucial in tracking the expiry of products (and conversely money) due to poor planning. CBS is reducing the outdated products and bringing it to 2.5% at an annual level. Cost per blood product unit shipped – Since everything is about cost reduction or customer support, this ratio is crucial for cost management. Every step in the blood banking process is very expensive, and the tracking of this KPI is important for top management, as well as the logistics manager. As can be seen in the diagram, this KPI for CBS is showing increasing costs (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002) Percent of Order fill rate, by blood product type – This KPI directly tracks the downstream supply chain service quality. The percent of order fill rate is in essence the achieved service level for each type of product. total blood requests, by type of blood product (red blood cells, platelets etc.). CBS sees a reduction of the service level for order fulfillment in the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Proposed Changes for Improving Performance After reviewing the KPIs of the two processes of interest, certain trends are identified that need to be analyzed and remedial action be taken. Each of these KPIs will require a logistic effort. Procurement The procurement process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 5 KPIs and it was identified that 3 are indicating positive trend. The other 2 KPIs are indicating negative trends that need to be treat: Increasing units of whole blood collected per donor, which indicates reduced motivation of the supply sources. The positive donor motivation should be returned only through positive reinforcement. (Prastacos, 1984; Oswalt, 1977). In logistics terms this would mean more equipment, human resources, marketing material and constant communication with donor relationship teams to provide necessary resources. Number of blood containers defective is widely varying. Most organisations monitor their suppliers to make sure that they continue to give satisfactory service. This is called supplier rating or vendor rating (Waters, 2003) Multiple suppliers and very frequent tracking of this KPI (weekly level) (Keal and Hebert, 2010) so proper remedial action can be taken . FIFO/LIFO Inventory Management The inventory management process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 4 KPIs. While 2 KPIs indicate good trends and successful operation, the other 2 indicate serious issues that need to be remedied. The main actions that need to be taken from the investigated KPIs are: Increasing order fill rate. The following diagram presents the overall service level of CBS for order fill rate. It can be concluded that the overall service level (product of service levels of the three products) is steadily declining. The safety stock needs to be increased on all three products to include (Ballou, 2004; Waters, 2003) Trans-Shipment for grouped Stock Centers (Jennings, 1973) and re-use of returned indate products (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) Vendor Managed Inventory for hospitals (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009) Controlling cost per blood product unit. There is a consistent trend of increasing cost of blood product unit. The cost breakdown in Appendix C shows that the major cost elements are the blood collections and distribution, consisting of 50% of all costs (excluding administration). Since the best positions for cost reduction are at the point of contact between supply chain partners (Waters, 2003), these exact points should be investigated for cost reduction. Conclusion Blood Banking is operating the supply of a key component of life – blood and bood products. It is considered a crucial service for any country, and is even treated as a big business in some countries. The logistical issues of blood banking are many on every level, since blood banking must achieve very fast delivery of products, and any stock-outs may mean loss of human life. This is further Through adoption of KPI tracking throughout the processes of blood banking, a blood service like Canadian Blood Services (CBS) can achieve a very quick reaction time to adverse indications of deficiencies in the process. The procurement process has logistical issues that need to be followed by the logistician in the area of donor treatment, which is an activity that will be performed in coordination with Marketing. A more pressing issue is the management and tracking of quality of blood containers and their suppliers, since a faulty series of containers will cause product recalls, stock-outs and financial losses. The inventory management process as a first priority must focus on achieving an much better overall service level of order fill rate than the current one. The service level needs to be increased by a higher safety stock, but since only increasing the safety stock is costly, a trans-shipment of products between centers need to be performed. Also, this service level can be improved by agreeing on a Vendor Managed Inventory with the hospitals. The other issue is cost of blood product management, through optimizing the process which requires most logistics – blood collections. An optimized process of blood collections which can reduce costs of that process by 10% will show significant improvement of the cost of blood product.

Generation of Electricity Through Coal in Pakistan

At present, the people are facing severe loadshedding/blackout problems due to shortage of power supply. Industries are closing down. Millions of Man hours have been lost leading to an increase in poverty and economic loss of billions of rupees to the country. It is happening despite the facts that about 60% of Pakistan’s population has an access to electricity. And according to World Energy Statistics 2011, published by IEA, Pakistan’s per capita electricity consumption is one-sixth of the World Average.World average per capita electricity Consumption is 2730 kWh compared to Pakistan’s per capita electricity consumption of 451kWh. It is imperative to understand the crises. According to Pakistan Energy Year Book 2011, Pakistan’s installed capacity for power generation is 22,477MW and the demand is approximately the same. The question arises that if the demand and supply has no gap then why we are facing such a crucial electricity crises. To get the answer we need to look into Pakistan’s electricity generation mix fuel wise.Unfortunately, oil & gas has 67% share in electricity generation. Pakistan is generating 35% of its electricity from furnace oil that is mostly imported. Pakistan spends over 12 billion US dollars for the import of furnace oil high speed diesel and crude petroleum that amount is equivalent to 60% of total export earnings and is a serious strain on country’s economy. It was recorded that in year 2011, the import of furnace oil increased by 19% compared to 2010 import.Moreover, the imported furnace oil is high sulphur furnace oil because low sulphur furnace oil is costly. The gaseous emissions from High sulphur furnace oil are polluting the environment and deteriorating the power plants as well. The bitter fact is that the per unit cost of electricity generated from imported furnace oil is high and is expected to increase further due to high forecasted increase in the oil prices. The per unit price of t he electricity generated from furnace oil is neither viable for industrial consumers nor for domestic consumers.At the same time, Pakistan is generating 32% of its electricity from Natural Gas. According to Pakistan Energy Year Book, 2011, Pakistan has 27. 5trillion cubic feet (TCF) balance recoverable gas reserves. Current gas production is 4 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) and the demand is 6 bcfd. The gas production is expected to fall to less than 01 bcfd by 2025 due to depletion and demand will increase to 8 bcfd. While depleting the indigenous natural gas reserves, about one third of the natural gas is used for electricity eneration (32%) causing a severe domestic and industrial load shedding. That has significantly damaged country’s export earnings and increased the import bill. The proposed Iran gas pipeline would provide only 01 bcfd at a cost of $ 1. 25 billion. The proposed TAPI gas pipeline would provide 3. 2 bcfd to 3 countries at a cost of $ 7. 6 billion. In r esponse to a demand of 8 bcfd, we will be having 3 bcfd in 2025 if both proposed are completed. The gap will be 5 bcfd. The available gas will have 66% share of costly imported gas.In the light of above elucidated facts, it is evident that it will not be possible to feed gas based power plants in future that contribute 32 % of the power generation. In the light of above discussion, it is evident that electricity generated from Oil and gas is not an economically feasible option and the installed capacity of about 15000MW (67%) out of 22477MW would not be operational. International Energy Agency has forecasted that total electricity demandof the country will be 49078MW in 2025. This is a great challenge to enhance the installed capacity to 50000MW from 7000MW.Currently, Pakistan is generating 6481 MW of electricity from hydel sources that is 29% of the total installed capacity. If country completes all the proposed hydel projects including Bhasha Dam, the hydel contribution would be 1 5000MW until 2025 that is 29%. The biggest challenge is to redesign the electricity portfolio and substitute the oil and gas with an abundantly available indigenous fuel source. Pakistan must develop indigenous energy resources to meet its future electricity needs. Pakistan can overcome this energy crisis by utilising its un-used coal reserves.Coal is a game changer for Pakistan. Currently, 40. 6% of world’s electricity is being generated from coal and it is the single largest contributor in world electricity generation. By looking at the electricity generation mix of the countries that are blessed with coal, it is evident that coal is the largest contributor. For instance, Poland, South Africa, China, India, Australia ,Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Germany, USA,UK, Turkey , Ukraine and Japan are generation 96%, 88%,78%, 78%, 77%, 72%, 69. 9%, 52. %, 52%, 37%, 31. 3%, 27. 5% and 22. 9% of electricity from coal. Pakistan is the only country that is blessed with 185 billion tons of coal and is producing negligible electricity from coal 0. 6%). Thar deposit alone is estimated to be 175 billion tons. It is further estimated that if all the Thar coal is extracted out and converted into electricity through coal fired power plants, it can provide 100,000MW for more than 500 years. There is a dire need to devise a strategy to utilise Thar Coal for power generation.Centre for Coal Technology Punjab University has conducted analysis of 328 samples of coal from all four provinces and AK including Thar coal. A substantial amount of coal in Punjab, Balochistan, KPK, AK and Sindh has high sulphur and ash content that is a challenge to utilise this coal for power generation. All the analysis carried out since 1994 to 2012 by G Couch, geological survey of Pakistan, Oracle coal fields, Centre for coal technology show that Thar coal has a sulphur content up to 1% that is the beauty of this coal that makes it suitable for direct combustion for power generation.At UK-Pakista n coal conference where CEO of world association for Underground coal gasification (UCG ) Julie Lauder and Robert Davidson of International Energy Agency gave presentations and informed the audience that UCG is still in experimentation stage and pilot operations are being carried out at various locations but UCG syn gas is not being used commercially yet. The experimentation is going on since 1928 for the coals that are deeper than 300 meters and not minable. Let me make it clear that I am not against UCG as a technique.My considered opinion is that Thar geology is against the pre-requisites for UCG. Here are some concerns regarding UCG of Thar Coal: 1. The geological structure of Thar block three has been published by geological survey of Pakistan. This structure is against the fundamentals of Underground gasification (UCG) given in every book. First condition for UCG is that the coal should be 300 metre or more deep. Where as in Thar the coal seams are present at a depth of 150 me ter. Secondly, there should be no water around the deposit whereas Thar coal is immersed in water.The aquifer above the coal zone is at about 120 m. then a strata of sand stone and clay stone. The water table ranges between 52. 70 to 93. 27 meter depth. Right below the first coal zone, there are two to three perched aquifers that are aquifers within coal zone with sand horizons of medium to coarse grains. According to experts, the water can also be used for irrigation. Then after the coal seams, a deep aquifer at 200m depth is present. This aquifer is a source of water for tube wells installed in Thar. 2.Moreover, all the analysis carried out by various organisations at different times show that coal itself contains about 46% moisture in it. 3. For complete burning of coal in UCG, a temperature of 1000C is required. It is anticipated that the temperature will not be maintained at 1000 C due to 46% moisture leading to an incomplete burning of coal. The volatile matter will burn and F C content / the most valuable component may remain un-burnt leading to a very low HV gas. 4. About one year ago, Dr. M. Saleem (a member of Dr. Samar Team) predicted that the syn gas obtained will have a calorific value of 106 BTU/cubic foot.Now they claim that they have obtained a gas but have not declared the calorific value yet. This claimed HHV is one-tenth of Natural gas. Due to high moisture content, it would be lower than this claimed value. 5. It is expected to yield production of very low – grade and uneconomic syn gas, bearing high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphureted. 6. The gas with such a low heating value cannot be linked with the national grid. On 25th July, 2012 Dr. Samar briefing Standing Committee on Information Technology said that gas companies have refused to buy this gas. 7.If the heat contained in 46% moisture, compressors energy consumption, energy required for carbon dioxide removal, water removal, H2S, (Hydrogen Sulphide) HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide) removal, tar removal and other operational energy consumption is subtracted from the per unit syngas net heating value (that is vital for power generation) will be further lowered. 8. As the gasification proceeds, the water seepage from the upper aquifer will continue leading to further decrease in temperatures inside the chambers resulting further incomplete burning and yielding much lower HV gas along with un used air. . The sulphur content in the Thar coal will generate H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) during gasification leading to an environmental catastrophe in Thar as a result of poisonous gases like H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) and HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide) from the UCG chambers to the surface through the very loose overlying strata and through newly developed or pre-existing cracks etc. 10. There will possibly be contamination of underground water so precious in Thar area, with poisonous chemicals originating from the burn chambers. 11. Proper scrutiny of Thar coal projec t is missing.One cannot find the models of the Thar UCG operation especially the reaction kinetics, heat transfer, gas flow etc ? that are fundamental for every project. 12. For UCG research, experts are of the opinion that the location allotted block V is not a right location because to stop the operation will not be easy and that can destroy the entire deposit. It should have been an isolated location. On the basis above stated concerns, Production of very low – grade and uneconomic syn gas, bearing high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphurated hydrogen due to high water and sulphur contents of the Thar coal is expected.The scope of Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand project was to generate electricity. But after claimed trials, he is now trying to give a new lolly pop to the nation that Diesel and methanol will be produced from Thar coal gas. The question is that India, China and USA and all other countries are generating electricity from coal why they are not prod ucing methanol and diesel? Can you tell the nation how much percentage of global coal is used for these obsoleted routes compared to the coal used for power generation?Pakistan has about 83 sugar mills and methanol can be produced as by product of sugar at much cheaper rate with very little investment compared to the coal route suggested by Dr. Samar. Being a coal technologist and chemical process technologist I can warn that without knowing the process details, economics and economies of scale, a nuclear- political scientist is misleading the nation. If UCG of Thar is a wise option, why commercial organisations like Sindh Engro coal Mining Company, Oracle coal field, UK and Global Mining, China are opting open pit mining at Thar.Definitely, any profit making organisation that believes in â€Å"no free lunch† will go for tested commercial technologies. Only a group of retired hit and trial masters from various fields other than coal can afford this luxury on state expenses. C urrently,8142 trillion watt hour of electricity is being generated from world coal. Out of which how much is generated from UCG? The answer is zero. In response to my post UK-PK coal conference statement of Dr . Samar Mubarak Mand’s lobby through a journalist managed a news item against me in Daily News on 23rd July, 2012.I strongly condemn the highly objectionable language he used. Instead of presenting his view point he tried for character assassination. He declared me as an American agent because I have technically exposed them. I understand that Dr. Samar and his fellows who get heavy Financial benefits from Thar UCG project consider everyone as their personal enemy who criticize the Thar UCG project honestly. Dr. A. Q Khan raised questions on Thar UCG project and declared that Dr Samar intellectually dishonest. Is he an American Agent?Now a days, Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand is running PPP Election Campaign to get heavy funds released. Despite the appearance of Dr. Samar in PP P media campaign on TV for next elections, Federal Minister for water and power Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar has stated in a TV talk show â€Å"Awam ki Adalat† on Geo TV dated 15-07-2012 that there is no truth in Dr. Samar’s claims. Is he an American Agent? Dr. Shahid Naveed, Dean of Engineering, University of Engg& Tech Lahore has similar views on Thar UCG project. Is he an American agent?Daily The Nation in its editorial on 11 august 2012, wrote that Dr Mubarakmand’s has been the lone voice in the country advocating the idea and demanded a team of world class experts to do a feasibility study, covering technical as well as financial aspects prior to pour huge investment in this project that is what I have pointed out. What. The senior journalist with so-called solid knowledge should learn the art of investigation based journalism and note that I have doctorate in the area of coal technology from UK and many international research publications in high impact factor j ournals are on my credit.I am not an alien in the field of coal technology like Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand. As far as the Angren project is concerned, no doubt it’s one of the oldest UCG site but IEA still ranked it as â€Å"pilot project†. It is an admitted fact that UCG as a technique is still not a commercial technology. My considered opinion is that opening pit mining is the right strategy to extract coal. Once the coal is in our hands, there will be many invertors for the establishment of coal-fired power generation plants and our beloved country would enjoy 100000MW cheaper electricity for five hindered years.The writer is the Professor & Director of Centre for Coal Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore. This news was published in print paper. Access complete paper of this day. Electricity has become an essential part of our lives and its outage adversely affects the country’s economic growth and daily lives of common people. Since the past few decades, there has been an enormous increase in the demand of electricity and no appreciative steps have been taken to cope up this issue. Now the demand has exceeded supply and ‘loadshedding’ has become a common issue.Every day an outage of 3-4 hours has to be faced by the people and in summer season the outage length increases to an unbearable level which is making the lives miserable for everyone. What is the government doing to ensure a sustainable supply of energy resources for economic growth? What strategic steps are being taken to acquire energy resources in future? Is private sector willing to invest in Pakistan’s oil industry? What are the incentives being offered to the foreign players to continue working in the exploration sector? What hurdles are stopping other big players around the world to enter Pakistan?What is the role of gas distribution companies so far? Are the citizens of Pakistan being robbed by energy giants with ever rising utility bills? What sh ould be the real price of petroleum, kerosene and other oil products in Pakistan? When will the nation have â€Å"loadshedding free† electric supply? Have we been able to make long term contracts with the countries to provide uninterrupted supply of energy resources? Will the government be able to provide enough sources to the citizens for a sustainable economic growth? Have we lost the race for acquiring maximum energy resources for future survival?Pakistan has rich reserves of coal. Most of the power generation in many parts of the world is being done by using coal as an energy resource. Thar, Lakhra, Badin etc are some of the mammoth coal reserves in Pakistan. If we talk about Thar reserves only we get astonishing facts. Thar coal reserves of Sindh are about 850 trillion cubic feet, which is more than oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran put together. These reserves are estimated at 850 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas, about 300 times higher than Pakistan’s proven gas reserves of 28 TCF.Dr Murtaza Mughal, President of Pakistan Economy Watch, in a statement said that these reserves of coal worth USD 25 trillion could not only cater to the electricity requirements of the country for the next 100 years but also save almost billions of dollars in staggering oil import bill. Just two percent usage of Thar coal can produce 20,000 MW of electricity for next 40 years, without any single second of loadshedding and if the whole reserves are utilised, then it can easily be imagined how much energy could be generated. The coal power generation would cost Pakistan PKR 5. 7 per unit while power generated by Independent Power Projects cost PKR 9. 27 It requires just 420 billion rupees initial investment whereas Pakistan receives annually 1220 billion from tax only. Chinese and other countries’ companies have not only carried out surveys and feasibility of this project but also offered 100 percent investment in the last seven to eight years but the à ¢â‚¬Å"petroleum gang† always discouraged them in a very systematic way. Petroleum lobby is very strong in Pakistan and they are against any other means of power generation except for the imported oil.This lobby is the major beneficiary of the increasing oil bill that is estimated to be above 15 billion dollar this year. Beyond the shadow of any doubt coal energy is the most viable solution to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan. The government should seriously think about it and put untiring efforts to cater to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan by utilising coal reserves. BUSHRA ASIM Karachi Tuesday, May 22, 2012 More Sharing ServicesShare|Share on facebookShare on twitterShare on linkedinShare on stumbleuponShare on emailShare on facebook_like| Thar coal — Pakistan’s hope for energy self-sufficiencyBy Amjad Agha Recently it has been reported that the Planning Commission has decided to stop further financing of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Projec t at Thar, since no encouraging results are forthcoming. This UCG project is the brainchild of Dr Samar Mubarakmand, who has been working on it for the last couple of years. This news has been given lot of coverage by the media, and a wrong impression is being created as if the Planning Commission has rejected the Thar coal. It is surprising that so far the Planning Commission has not clarified their position.Obviously the objection pertains to underground gasification of the Thar coal and not the mining of the huge deposit of coal. Thar coal deposits are the largest resource discovered in the country, which can provide the much-needed solution for generating large amount of electricity for many many years at affordable price. The estimates indicate that 135 to 175 billion tonnes of lignite coal can be obtained from the deposit, which can produce thousands of megawatts of electricity for decades. Thar coal can be obtained by open cast mining similar to the method used all over the w orld.The UCG is a method of converting unworked coal – coal still in the ground – into a combustible gas, which can be used for power generation. The UCG is at present not extensively used commercially, but research is going on to make it commercially attractive. However, the open pit mining of coal is the normal method being used, and most of the coal is being obtained in this manner. The UCG method is still in the research stage and if found suitable for Thar coal, it will be useful and economical. Therefore, Dr Mubarakmand’s project may be curtailed but should not be stopped until it reaches final outcome.The open cast mining of Thar coal is the project, which the nation has been keenly awaiting, but for some unknown reasons the work on it has still not started. Couple of months ago an article ‘Thar Coal and Energy Security’ by Muhammad Younus Dagha was printed in Dawn newspaper. Dagha is the secretary coal and energy Sindh. In the article, he ha d stated that final arrangement have been completed by Global Mining Company of China for Block-1 and another by Sindh Engro Coal Mining for Block-II. The mining on these projects shall reportedly start by June. Are these dates still valid?The public is desperately waiting for any good news about electricity. The Planning Commission should immediately clarify their statement on Thar coal and inform the public about the real status on start of mining. In my recent paper ‘Electricity Crisis and Circular Debt’, it was explained that real cause of the electricity crisis in the country is due to faulty fuel mix as we are using the highly expensive furnace oil as the main fuel for generating electricity. The fuel cost to generate one Kwh (unit) of electricity through furnace is about Rs 17-18.This does not include the fixed charges for the plant, transmission and distribution costs and losses etc. Since the government cannot afford to buy the oil at this high price, therefore several thermal power plants are shut down or producing much below their capacity. A news item indicated recently that monthly requirement of furnace oil for power plants is 32,000 tonnes but only 10,000 tonnes of oil is being imported. Obviously the generation is accordingly low. The natural gas is another fuel which is being used but is in short supply and very little is available for generation of electricity.The country needs $5 billion for the import of oil, only one-third of the amount will be required if the fuel mix is changed from oil. Globally about 21,000Twh of electricity is consumed per year, 41 percent of this electricity is generated through coal. China generates 78 percent of its electricity through coal, India 68 percent, USA 48 percent but Pakistan only 0. 1 percent. The world does not use oil for electricity, as less than five percent of the world electricity is generated through oil, but Pakistan is using oil for 40 percent of its electricity, which obviously it cannot afford.It’s time that we wake up to these realities, and concentrate on mining Thar coal and start generating electricity through this indigenous resource. Obtaining natural gas through fracturing of underground shale rocks is big news these days. The US is leading in this technology, and China is following very fast. Does Pakistan have any plans for expanding our natural gas production, again no information is passed on to the public. The writer is president of the Associated Consulting Engineers, former managing director of NESPAK, and former chief executive of Pakistan Hydro Consultants for the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project

Classroom Management Paper Essay

I am in the process of creating my classroom management plan for my future classroom. Each day that I substitute teach, observe a classroom, or acquire new information from my classes, I learn something new that I may wish to incorporate into my classroom management plan. A well written management plan is a key to success in the classroom. The more I plan for my lessons and plan to run my class, the more of an effective learning climate I will have for my students. This paper includes my personal philosophy of classroom management, rules for student behavior, a task analysis, substitute teacher plans, classroom implementation plan, letter to parents explaining my classroom management plan, and my strategies I plan to use to assess my classroom management plan. Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management The following is my personal philosophy of classroom management listed in bullet format. †¢ My goal is to provide a productive, safe environment, which is conducive to learning. My students will be welcomed and feel a sense of belonging to the class community. Every student is just as important as the next. †¢ I plan to help my students become quality students and help them develop the characteristic traits of responsibility, trustworthiness, caring, and respectful. †¢ I hope to spark enthusiasm for learning by creating engaging lessons, reaching all types of learners. To achieve this, I plan to differentiate instruction, use multiple modalities, and technology. I also plan to have students work independently, in collaborative groups, and in pairs. †¢ I hope to create a student-centered or constructivist style classroom where students are active participants in their learning, which allows students to make a deeper connection to curriculum. †¢ To challenge my students, I plan to use effective questioning techniques, which will allow my students to use higher levels of thinking. †¢ I will create a class climate where students can express themselves freely without judgment. †¢ Create a cooperative classroom where the students and teacher work together. To do this, I will call my students† my teammates† and express to them the importance of teamwork. †¢ It is my hope to encourage students to do their best and that it is to make a mistake. †¢ I will use positive reinforcement and positive praise when I see my students doing something good. †¢ I will model respecting everyone and accepting differences. I will ask that my students do the same. †¢ To create a sense of power among my students, I will have students participate in the creation of the classroom rules. When students create the rules, they have a tendency to adhere to the rules. In addition, I will have students perform weekly classroom jobs. †¢ I will be fair and consistent and I will establish guidelines for my students so they know what is to be of them in both learning and behavior. †¢ To manage off-task behavior, I will use nonverbal and verbal cues, body language, and proximity. In some instances, I will move students to avoid further disruptions. Students who require extra assistance, will be strategically seated for easy access. †¢ If a lesson or style of teaching works one-day and not the next, I will be flexible and change either my style of teaching or the lesson itself. Student Behavior – Positive and Negative Consequences To minimize disruptions in the classroom, students need to know what is expected of them. I will not have rules listed in my classroom. Instead, my class will have the â€Å"quality student† and â€Å"quality teacher† posters displayed, listing what characteristics the students and teacher should display at all times. I will these characteristics often and engage in role playing activities at the beginning of the school year. Whenever I see that there is an issue regarding a characteristic trait, I will remind students model to be â€Å"quality students. † For off-task behavior in the classroom, I have established a tiered system of responses that will range from various nonverbal and verbal cues, reminders, and possibly relocating student in the classroom. If behavior continues to disrupt the class for a total of three times, I will instruct the student to write a note home explaining the off-task behavior. If off-task behavior continues in the classroom, I will call the parent or ask to set up a meeting to discuss the student’s behavior and work with the parent toward a positive solution. Kelly (n. d. ) states, â€Å"B. F. Skinner’s theory on â€Å"operant conditioning† says that rewards are much more effective when they do not occur regularly. In other words, intermittent rewards mean more and have a greater effect than routine rewards. Students who never know when a reward may happen will behave better than those who know that you never give out rewards on Tuesdays† (para. 3). To motivate students in achieving good behavior in the classroom, I will use verbal praise and reward students from time to time individually, by table, or by class. Individual rewards will be given from to time when I see a student modeling quality behavior and other students are off-task in the classroom. I will give this student an extra 10 cents. By doing this, the other students will understand positive reinforcement. Throughout each week, I will also award table points. If I see a group of students at a table on-task, I will award their table a point. The table that earns the most points at the end of the week, will win and will be able to select from a few choices that include lunch in the classroom and extra computer time, to name a few. If the class is doing a job on a lesson, I will have the marble helper add one marble to the celebration jar. Once the students reach their predetermined goal (discussed monthly at class meeting), students are allowed to participate in a celebration of their choosing. Task Analysis for Morning Routine To help students ease into their day, I have created a morning routine. With this morning routine, students know what to expect and do each morning entering the classroom. This routine will be displayed on the Promethean Board each morning as a reminder for my students. |General area |Needed Procedure |Specific Procedures | |Whole Class |Morning Routine |Unpack backpacks and hang up coats and | | | |backpacks | | | |Turn in notes/homework to purple bin | | | |Make lunch choice | | | |Morning work (daily math worksheet to complete)| | | |Unfinished Work folder | | | |Independent Reading | During the morning routine, morning announcements are displayed on the class television and students perform their class jobs such as library helper, lunch counter, and office messengers. In addition, I will use this time to take attendance and perform other housekeeping duties as necessary. Substitute Teacher Plans The following is a sample of my substitute teacher plans. The more detailed information the teacher leaves for the substitute, the better. This helps the substitute teacher run the class more smoothly in the teacher’s absence. Thank you for covering my class while I am out today. Here is some information on a few procedures or routines in our class. Helpful Teachers – Mrs. Fowler, room 6, Ms. Nuckles, room 4. Attendance: please use attendance sheet on my desk and mark any students who are missing. Please note any absent students on attendance sheet on my desk and place in office envelope and have office helper take to office during morning announcements. Morning lunch count: This is a student’s job (see listing hanging from tv). The students mark their choices on the wall chart behind the tv, and the lunch count helper writes out the slip and takes it to the cafeteria in the lunch folder after announcements. Bathroom breaks: Students have â€Å"boys† and â€Å"girls† hall passes hanging on the wall by the door. When they need to go to the restroom, they put the pass on their desk and go. Only two at a time are allowed out of the room. Class management/rules: If class is going a good job, I usually ask the marble helper to add a marble to the class jar. If the class receives a compliment in the hallway, they earn two marbles. If the class is off-task and several reminders are given, a marble may be taken away. For individual behavior: Banker gives each student 15 cents (fake money) at the start of each day. Students are to place their money in their money pocket at the back of the room during morning announcements. If a student is caught doing something good, you may reward him or her an extra 10 cents. The money earned allows for students to make purchases at our classroom store at the end of each month. If a student is off-task, use nonverbal cues as first reminder, and verbal cues as second reminder. If the student continues behavior, please have him or her write an apology letter to you and leave on my desk. If the student continues to disrupt class, please call one if the listed teachers above and ask to send student over to her class to finish working on assignment. Please leave me a note if you have any issues with any of my students. Lunch: Line students up (line leader, caboose, home lunch, choice 1,2, and 3). Please walk students down to cafeteria at 12:08. The students will go through the lunch line on their own. Most teachers eat in the Teacher’s Lounge, which is behind the office. The teacher restrooms are also by the teacher’s lounge. At 12:38, please pick them up from the cafeteria and walk them back to class. Students with Special Needs (Food allergies, medicine, asthma): |Student |Difficulty/Need | |Tom |Medicine- Goes to nurse after lunch to receive medicine | Specials: My calendar on my desk has specials listed according to the day. Day1- Music Day2-PE Day3- Computer Lab, Library Day4-PE Day5- Art Recess: 2:15-2:30 Activities should be supervised at all times. Teachers should have class backpacks, walkie talkie, and key (both located in office). Teachers should be positioned so that all students are visible at all times. Report any injuries to school nurse. The nurse will determine whether an Accident Report needs to be completed. If so complete form and send white copy to office and have student take yellow copy home. In Case of Emergency: Please locate red backpack and evacuation plan in the classroom. In case of emergency, have students line up quickly and quietly. Bringing backpack, follow evacuation route listed in the classroom. Once outside, count students to make sure everyone is accounted for. Inform supervisor (person with walkie talkie and clipboard) of all students present in the class and state any parents’ names volunteering in the classroom. Remind students to be single, straight, and silent and to face away from the school building. Once given the all clear from the supervisor, lead students back to class in a single, straight, and silent line. The following diagram is our class seating chart. Please be sure that students sit in their correct seats. This seating plan should be helpful in familiarizing yourself with the students. (Note: Please see Appendix A-seating chart). I have provided a list of helpful students, disruptive students, and special needs students. Helpful students: Mary, Tyrone, Amy, and Tom. Disruptive students: Dane and Alex (these students may need to have several reminders to stay on task. Students who require assistance: Daniel, Marco, and Aaron. Either you can help or ask one of my helpful students listed above to help these students. Computer username: cuttingjm Password: student123 8:45-9:15-Morning Routine (please log on to computer and put the following on the Promethean board). 1. Unpack backpacks and hang up coats and backpacks 2. Turn in notes to red bin/homework to purple bin 3. Make lunch choice 4. Morning work (daily math worksheet- today’s number to complete-on back table) 5. Unfinished Work folder 6. Independent Reading Please inform students of their jobs for the day. Jobs are on poster in front of room by the t. v. Please ask Mary to turn on t. v. for you when the bell rings. During the morning routine, morning announcements are displayed on the class television and students perform their class jobs such as library helper, lunch counter, and office messengers. During this time, please take attendance using attached attendance sheet. Place any notes and attendance sheet in clear folder and have office messenger take folder to the office for you. Ask lunch helper to take lunch count and place any money and lunch count in lunch folder. The lunch helper will take folder to the cafeteria for you. 9:15-9:20- Ask Tom to give each student 15 cents. Each student will come and will put the money in his or her money pocket located on the back bulletin board. 9:20-9:30- calendar- Have students join you on the carpet (call them by table numbers). Ask questions about the calendar (what is the date, what weekday, year, what was the date a week ago, what will the date be in one week). Have students give you math problems about the lunch graph. 9:30- 10:00- Have students begin centers. Please read off the names from the chart to let them know where they go. 10:00-10:45- Library- please stay with class and bring library cards with you (they are on my desk). 10:45-11:26- Students finish centers 11:26-11:56- Lunch. Have line leader and caboose line up first. Lunch from home will line up first, followed by choice 1, 2, and 3 . (during lunch, please check my mailbox in the office). 12:00-1:00- MATH- Review today’s number on overhead projector (Ask a helper to set up for you). Pull a popsicle stick out of the cup on my desk and have the student complete one problem. Continue until today’s number is complete. Refer to Math Investigations book, lesson 2. 1 â€Å"guess my number on the 100 chart. † Tell students they will use the 100s chart on page 16 in their math binder for this game. Review directions and model how to play game with a student. Have students pair up and give each a copy of the directions to play on their own. Once completed game twice, students can work on pages 13-15 in their textbook. 1:00-1:45- ART 1:45-2:10- Science- Students are to take out weather journals. Overhead helper will pull out overhead projector. Laura is cloud helper, and Teresa is temperature helper. Cloud helper will go to window and look to see what kind of clouds are outside. They will come to overhead and draw clouds on calendar page and graphing page. Overhead helper will fill in date and will write down weather words that students agree on (ask students to give weather words from each table). Choose one person from each table to predict the hi/lo temperature of the day. The temperature helper will pull up the temperature for the day on the computer. The overhead helper will record the temperature on the overhead. Students are to write this information on their calendar page and graphing page. 1:45- 2:00- RECESS 2:00- 2:45- Have students watch video on water cycle and have them complete science worksheet on back table. If the students finish early they can do scholastic news and work on their weather book report. 2:45-3:00- Please call one table at a time for students to get lap top. Students are to work on their social studies research project on the laptops. 3:00-3:15- Call tables one at a time and have students place laptops back in cart. Have students perform classroom jobs at this time. Call tables one at a time to pack and stack. Read book (students’ can select) until bell rings. 3:15- Dismissal Please let me know of any issues with any students. If they do a good as a class, they can earn marbles in the jar. Thank you so much! Classroom Management Implementation Plan I will conduct a classroom meeting at the beginning of the year for the students, and we will discuss the character traits of a â€Å"quality student† and â€Å"quality teacher. † Students will create poster of each and, the class will discuss and list what qualities students and teacher should have. Qualities will include responsibility, trustworthiness, caring, and respect. After posters are created, students will be asked to sign the poster, stating that they understand the guidelines of the classroom. Posters will be displayed in the class as a reminder of what a â€Å"quality student and teacher† should look like. I will review procedures of various topics such as morning routine, lunch count, dismissal, lining up for lunch, etc. During the first few weeks of school, I will walk the students through each procedure, often modeling procedures. After the first month or the majority of the students get the hang of the procedure, procedures will be reviewed and reinforced as necessary. In addition to communicating to the students, I will also share my classroom management plan and expectations in a letter addressed to the parents at the start of the school year. I will ask parents to discuss management plan and expectations with their child and ask that they he or she sign and return the document. In addition, I will provide my contact information and encourage the parents to contact me should they have any questions throughout the year and promote working together for the well-being of their child. Prior to the start of the school year, I will develop a seating chart based on the academic needs of my students. I will place students’ desks in groups that will allow for a cooperative or collaboration learning environment, in which students will work in groups with varying learning abilities. By having students clustered in groups, higher academic students will work with those students who will require help. Using group seating, I will also be able to reach and work with my students more easily. For students who require instructional assistance, I will place those students close to my desk or in front of room. I will also work with my students in a small group or one-on-one setting. To prevent misbehavior, I will strategically place ADHD students away from door, window to prevent distractions. To help motivate my students I will use positive reinforcement as previously mentioned. Students will have opportunities to be rewarded individually, by table, and as a class. To keep the students’ attention during my lessons, I am going to use as many hands-on methods and employ the effective questioning and popsicle stick strategy. To gain my students’ attention, I will use â€Å"1,2,3 eyes on me. † The students’ response will be â€Å"1,2 eyes on you. † I will also use various hand clapping signals and use online timers to keep students on track during transitions, learning centers, and assignments. Letter to Parents The following is a sample of a letter I plan to send out to my students’ parents during the first week of school. Dear families, As we are settling into a routine and becoming familiar with the class, I wanted to introduce myself to you and share some information with you about how I conduct my classes. My name is Jennifer Cutting, and I am your child’s teacher for the school year. This is my first year in my own classroom however I have been in education for the past five years. I have a Bachelor’s of Business Administration from Radford University and a master’s degree from University of Phoenix. Our classroom is built on the characteristic traits of respect, trustworthiness, caring, and responsibility. On the first day of school, our class created both a student teacher poster that lists the qualities of each trait. In our class, we are always striving to be a â€Å"quality student† and â€Å"quality teacher. † We look forward to sharing these with you at Back to School Night on Tuesday, September 20, 2011. To encourage students to be reminded of being a quality student, I will recognize positive behavior by verbal praise, earn fake money to be used for purchases at the classroom store, and other modes of communication to you. For off-task behavior in the classroom, I have established a tiered system of responses that will range from various nonverbal and verbal cues, and reminders. If behavior continues in class, I will instruct your child to write a note home explaining the off-task behavior. If off-task behavior continues in the classroom, I will call you or ask to set up a meeting to discuss your child’s behavior and work together toward a positive solution. Our class has discussed our classroom management plan and students understand the consequences. By working together, we can help your child have fun and succeed in second grade. Below, please sign this document, indicating that you and your child understand my classroom management plan. In addition, please indicate a daytime and nighttime phone number and e-mail address. If you should ever have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact me via email, school phone, or schedule a conference. My email is fourcuttings@msn. com and the school’s phone number is (703)791 – 2099. I am happy to talk with the families of my students. Here’s to a wonderful year of learning in the second grade! Fondly- Mrs. Cutting I have read and understand Mrs. Cutting’s classroom management plan, and have discussed it with my child. Parent/Guardian Signature______________________________________Date_________ _____ Print Name________________________________________________________ Strategy for Assessing Classroom Management Plan I plan to use a variety of ways to assess my classroom management plan. One way to assess my classroom management plan is to have another teacher observe my class and rate my classroom based on the following chart: (Note: Please see Appendix B- Classroom Assessment chart) Another strategy I would use is to make antidotal notes and keep a journal of what strategies or techniques seem to work or not work for my students. By reflecting, I can look back at my successes as well as reflect on areas that need to be improved. I need to be flexible. If a strategy does not work one day, I need to try something else. My third strategy to help assess my classroom management plan is to participate in peer group discussions and compare what strategies or techniques in other classrooms. Listening to other teachers’ can generate a multitude of ideas for my own classroom. Conclusion As of today, this is my classroom management plan that I hope to implement in my classroom. However, I believe it will change to meet the needs of my students in the classroom. Although I will plan for my students, classroom, and instruction, I will need to learn to be flexible if something does not work. I believe I will be able to prevent most misbehaviors from occurring and meet the goals of my classroom by implementing my classroom management plan. I will always strive to look for ways to improve my classroom management. It will always be a work in progress. References Kelly, M. ( n. d. ). Positive and Negative Reinforcement. Retrieved April 20, 2011from, http://www. netplaces. com/new-teacher/behavior-management/positive-and-negative-reinforcement. htm Teachers on Target (2008). Classroom Management. Retrieved April 20, 2011 from http://www. teachersontarget. com/Management. htm Appendix A [pic] (source: University of Phoenix. (n. d. ). Classroom design Microsoft presentation. [PowerPoint slide]. Retrieved from https://portal. phoenix. edu/classroom/coursematerials/mte_520/20110315/ Appendix B |3 2 1 |1. I foster an â€Å"on-task† learning environment? | |3 2 1 |2. Students understand that when they enter my classroom they are | | |going to work | |3 2 1 |3. Students believe that my assignments are directed, productive, and| | |enjoyable | |3 2 1 |4. Students know that the tasks in my classroom are never presented | | |as punishment | |3 2 1 |5. Students believe that work done in my class has a definite purpose| | |and objective | |3 2 1 |6. My classroom is a celebratory environment? | |3 2 1 |7. Students understand that they will be rewarded and praised for | | |their hard work. | |3 2 1 |8. Students believe that my approach to them and their learning is | | |positive. | |3 2 1 |9. My classroom is an engaged environment? | |3 2 1 |10. Students engage quickly in my assignments | |3 2 1 |11. Students know exactly what they are to do. | |3 2 1 |12. Students are clear why they are doing each assignment. | |3 2 1 |13. My classroom ethos is one of mutual respect. | |3 2 1 |14. Students know that they must respect one another. | |3 2 1 |15. Students are willing to cooperate with me. | |3 2 1 |16. Students are willing to cooperate with their classmates. | |3 2 1 |17. Students listen carefully to me. | |3 2 1 |18. My classroom procedures are clear? | |3 2 1 |19. Students know what they must do to succeed. | |3 2 1 |20. Classroom rules are consistent and fairly enforced. | |3 2 1 |21. Students know how much time they have to do assignments and how they| | |will be assessed. | |3 2 1 |22. My classroom rules do not appear arbitrary. | |3 2 1 |23. My classroom is focused? | |3 2 1 |24. Assignments don’t â€Å"float† or appear â€Å"out of left field. † | |3 2 1 |25. There is a consistent routine to handing in assignments. | |3 2 1 |26. Work time in class is uninterrupted. | |3 2 1 |27. Students are expected to settle down quickly and work in class. | |3 2 1 |28. My classroom is a place where assignments are meaningful. | |3 2 1 |29. â€Å"Throw away† or filler assignments are never given. | |3 2 1 |30. Classroom work is not overly repetitive or redundant. | |3 2 1 |31. Students are clear about the objectives for each assignment. | |3 2 1 |32. There is a sense of humanness in my classroom. | |3 2 1 |33. Students are treated as human beings who have good and bad days. | |3 2 1 |34. Rules rarely if ever override human concerns. | |3 2 1 |35. Students understand that my classroom operates from a set of values. | |3 2 1 |36. My classroom is a predictable place. | |3 2 1 |37. There are no negative or unexpected surprises. | |3 2 1 |38. What I say in the classroom actually happens. | |3 2 1 |39. Students stay on task in my classroom. | |3 2 1 |40. When an assignment is given, students do it. | |3 2 1 |41. I expect and require all students to stay on task. | |3 2 1 |42. I deal with disruptions in a timely manner. | |3 2 1 |43. Student who stay on task are rewarded. | (Source:http://www. teachersontarget. com/Management. htm)

Poverty in the Victorian era Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In respect to the immediately foregoing (crime), areas such as Whitechapel, Clerkenwell and Jacob’s Island were known as the homes of homicide during the 1880s. It is against this backdrop that Jack the Ripper, the anonymous serial women killer came about in Flower and Dean Street. Understanding the irrevocable nexus between poverty and crime, as a way of responding to crime, the London County Council made successful and vigorous attempts to pull down worst slums. The London County Council introduced and used the slum upgrading and clearance programs to abate the number of slums in both Britain and London. Williamson contends that the plight of poor housing as a manifestation of poverty during the Victorian age is informed by the housing culture of the Victorians. Those who worked for long hours were compelled to live within the proximity of their workstation. It is for this reason that available housing highly priced and highly scarce. Because of this, tenants by themselves would let their rooms for 2 dollars to 4 dollars in a day, to their fellow employees. This was an artifice to meet their rent. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty in the Victorian era or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Because of this, most industrialized cities in Europe and the United Kingdom, particularly, London, were totally overcrowded, unsanitary and underdeveloped. These houses and the slums that emerged from these conditions were known as the rookeries (Williamson, 99 – 131). There were instances in which pockets of some British cities were the domicile for those who suffered from incurable diseases. For instance, Spitalfields which derives its name from the historic St. Mary’s Spittel was known for being the preserve of lepers. Spitalfields was initially inhabited by rich French Huguenot silk-workers and weavers. As the district moved to the mid 19th century, the descendants of Spitalfields were brought down to deplorable living conditions because of the competition which was emanating from the Manchester textile factories. Thusly, Spitalfields slumped down into a crime-infested and slum-riddled area. Resultantly, the once handsome and spacious Huguenot houses were partitioned into tiny dwellings. These tiny dwellings were rented out to the poor laborers and helping hands seeking employment in the docks nearby. According to Bailey, the legacy that poverty left in the Victorian age is personified by an array of charitable organizations. For instance, from the 1850s and beyond, the Sisters of Mercy under the guidance of Father Daniel Gilbert opened and established a night refuge for the destitute, especially, women and children.