Write about two sociological variables race and animal abuse Essay

Expound on two sociological factors race and creature misuse - Essay Example Speculation 1. The ethnicity or race of an individual could possibly affect their inclination to manhandle or not misuse creatures. To demonstrate or negate this underlying speculation, it is important to choose an equivalent gathering of people from each conceivable racial foundation. For instance, 25 men and 25 ladies between the ages of twenty and forty would be chosen from each racial foundation. These gatherings would incorporate Caucasian, African American, Latino and Asian. These gatherings would all be oblivious in regards to what the investigation was about. The gatherings would be kept separate by race and checked in an office for multi week. Every individual would be set with a pooch. Every individual would be observed for the term of the week. The pooches would likewise be observed. Toward the week's end, the accompanying would be resolved: The conduct of the pooch when contrasted with the conduct toward the start of the week; the occasions every individual took care of, watered, petted or invested energy with the canine (strolling the canine and so on); and obviously any maltreatment or disregard would be resolved. The potential issues with this investigation would be age variety in the people as a potential factor, regardless of whether every individual was a hound individual or not, regardless of whether the individual abstained from showing harsh conduct because of feeling watched or watched. Potential difficulties for this specific technique for study may incorporate the way that there are a few factors inside the investigation, for example, the two ladies and men. The topic of whether guys are bound to manhandle creatures rather than females could be presented. Another variable to consider is whether the people in the investigation had been mishandled as kids as this may play in to their inclination to be damaging as grown-ups. Likewise, the way that this investigation isn't being directed for an enormous scope might be a difficult factor. Be that as it may, the moderately little size of the gatherings should minimize expenses and ought to in this manner be close enough. At last, strict foundation could be a variable not predicted or considered. In the event that an individual is of Hindu confidence, they will respect creatures as much as human life and along these lines perhaps be significantly less helpless to harsh conduct towards creatures. An answer for this variable problem might be to just choose people of non religion. On the off chance that people have no strict convictions, this may level out the subjects that are being considered, considerably more. Different religions, for example, Santeria usually perform creature penance and along these lines may see creatures in a not exactly moral way. Theory 2. The event of aggressive behavior at home and creature misuse might be associated. On the off chance that household misuse is increasingly noticeable in a specific race, at that point creature misuse should likewise be. Sanctuary ladies were bound to report that their accomplices had taken steps to hurt their pets (Ascione, Weber, Wood, 1997). So as to direct an examination to investigate this speculation, one would need to limit the examination to either household abusers or survivors of local maltreatment as of late the connection between creature remorselessness and family savagery has caught the consideration of sociologists, therapists, criminologists, and legislators (Faver, Strand, 2003). The most ideal approach to this investigation is work inside around 4 ladies' safe houses. These havens would should be a decent separation separated from each other so as to expand the socioeconomics of the investigation. Once picking up authorization from the safe house and its living arrangement, one would need to

Dryopithecus Facts and Figures

Dryopithecus Facts and Figures Name:Â Dryopithecus (Greek for tree chimp); articulated DRY-goodness substance ECK-us Habitat:Â Woodlands of Eurasia and Africa Chronicled Epoch:Â Middle Miocene (15-10 million years prior) Size and Weight:Â About four feet in length and 25 pounds Diet:Â Fruit Recognizing Characteristics:Â Moderate size; long front arms; chimpanzee-like headâ About Dryopithecus One of the numerous ancient primates of the Miocene age (a nearby contemporary was Pliopithecus), Dryopithecus was a tree-staying gorilla that began in eastern Africa around 15 million years back and afterward (like its primate relatives a huge number of years after the fact) transmitted out into Europe and Asia. Dryopithecus was just remotely identified with current people; this antiquated primate had chimpanzee-like appendages and facial highlights, and it presumably switched back and forth between strolling on its knuckles and running on its rear legs (particularly when it was being pursued by predators). Overall, however, Dryopithecus likely invested a large portion of its energy high up in trees, remaining alive on natural product (an eating routine we can surmise from its generally feeble cheek teeth, which wouldnt have had the option to deal with harder vegetation). The strangest reality about Dryopithecus, and one that has produced a lot of disarray, is that this primate lived for the most part in western Europe as opposed to Africa. Today, Europe isnt precisely known for its monkeys and primates - the main indigenous species is the Barbary macaque, which is scarcely European, bound all things considered to the shore of southern Spain, where it has infiltrated from its standard environment in northern Africa. Its conceivable, however a long way from demonstrated, that the genuine pot of primate advancement during the later Cenozoic Era was Europe as opposed to Africa, and that after the expansion of monkeys and chimps these primates moved from Europe and populated (or repopulated) the landmasses for which theyre most popular today, Africa, Asia, and South America.

Conference on cybersecurity starts today COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Conference on cybersecurity starts today COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If youre interested in learning more about cybersecurity, then tune in today (and tomorrow) for SIPAs  Conference on Internet Governance and Cybersecurity. Hosted in collaboration with the Global Commission on Internet Governance (GCIG), the wide-ranging agenda touches on a series of pressing policy issues that affect Internet governance and cyber-security. Among these are privacy, security, innovation, international trade and cross-border data flows, data protectionism, human rights, freedom of expression, and much more.   “New technologies present challenges to Internet governance and cyber-security. In response, governments must develop novel and adaptive policy responses that reflect input from private industry, nonprofits, the academy, and others,” said Dean Merit E. Janow. “SIPA’s global, multidisciplinary perspective and status as the hub of policy studies at Columbia makes the School the ideal setting for an examination of these issues.” The conference will bring together more than 40 thought leaders from a wide range of backgroundsâ€"influential U.S. and international policy makers, entrepreneurs, legal experts, technologists, corporate executives from around the world, and faculty from SIPA and other Columbia University schools. They will take part in a program that includes nine panels, a series of keynote addresses, and discussions of interest. The addresses will feature some pretty outstanding people in the internet governance and cybersecurtiy fields, including: Vinton Cerf (Chief Internet Evangelist, Google) ?Marietje Schaake (Dutch member of the European Parliament) Brad Smith  (General Counsel Executive Vice President, Legal and Corporate Affairs, Microsoft) Lawrence Strickling (Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information, US Department of Commerce) Tim Wu  (Professor, Columbia Law School) and many more “This is a critical moment for Internet governance within many nations and globally,” said Benjamin Dean, a fellow in cyber-security and Internet governance at SIPA. “Right now, we face challenges in balancing individual privacy and collective security, managing local data control with an internationally accessibly internet; respecting human rights on a global internet when their application is so uneven amongst countries, and many more. We’re pleased to welcome such diverse and distinguished thinkers to Columbia to look at these challenges and identify policy where opportunities might lie.” To provide the basis for the panel discussions, participating speakers, organizations and the Research Advisory Network (RAN) of the Global Commission on Internet Governance have contributed a number of background papers. (Many of these have already been released and are available for viewing now.) “Cyber-security is a long-standing issue but has recently gained widespread awareness,” Dean added. At a high level, solutions have to be developed and deployed with input from governments and corporations around the globe. The challenge lies at the ground level though and involves combining the technical, economic, social and behavioral insights. It’s essential then that we find avenues for collaboration between the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. This conference represents a major step in the right direction.” The conference is a program of Tech Policy @ SIPA, a major initiative that joins public policy, engineering, data science and entrepreneurship, and more through a variety of activities. The conference will be held at the Italian Academy, located on the Columbia University campus in Manhattan’s Morningside Heights neighborhood. SIPA and the Global Commission on Internet Governance thank Carnegie Corporation of New York and Microsoft for their generous support that makes the conference possible. Thanks also go to the event’s media partner, Bloomberg; to the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), for their logistical support; and Columbia’s Institute for Tele-Information (CITI), for their academic support. Click here to watch the live stream (starts promptly at 9:00am EST on both days) and learn more about the conferences agenda.

What Is Thanksgiving Day Essay Sample

What can be more familiar than good old Thanksgiving Day, probably the most traditional of all holidays? Yet the holiday we celebrate nowadays on the fourth Thursday of November is very different from what it was intended as originally. And, frankly speaking, it is pretty hard to define what exactly is its real origin and how far back one has to go to uncover it. The matter is, almost all cultures, especially those with agricultural roots, have a kind of Thanksgiving day, usually celebrated in Autumn – people give thanks to whatever higher powers they believe in for the harvest. However, the holiday most people think about when they hear about the Thanksgiving day is much younger – most sources believe that it originates from 1621 celebration in the colony of Plymouth, founded by the Pilgrims who came to America on Mayflower. They had a lot to thank for – after arriving to the New World in late autumn they barely survived the following winter and were stranded far away from home, in a un unknown place with hostile nature and climate. However, they received help from natives, who taught them how to cultivate and prepare local plants – and the next autumn their toils were rewarded with unexpectedly bountiful harvest. The Pilgrims decided that such good luck called for a celebration, and thus the first Thanksgiving Day took place. In order to commemorate the help they received from natives, they invited about a hundred of them to this feast. However, at the time Thanksgiving day didn’t have a stable date and wasn’t even considered to be an annual celebration – in later years it was celebrated occasionally, but not every year. In addition to that, different towns and states had their own ideas of when it is supposed to be celebrated, which led to even more confusion. Thanksgiving Day turned into an important national holiday resembling what it is today only after the War for Independence – George Washington offered it as a day of country-wide thanksgiving and prayer. However, even after that there was no fixed date for the holiday – current tradition of celebrating it on the fourth Thursday of November is quite a young one – it dates back only to 1941. During its almost 400-year history, Thanksgiving Day underwent many changes and alterations. It started out as a purely religious festival, aimed at praising God for good harvest and general well-being: all family members took time to think about things they were grateful for and said their thanks out loud. However, in the course of time its nature changed, and today it is a purely secular holiday associated with family values and national spirit. It is one of the few days when an entire family is supposed to get together in the house of its oldest generation, thus reinforcing the blood ties between them and reminding that all of them should stick together and no matter how different they are there is still a lot of things they have in common. At its time of origin, American culture was a purely agricultural one, and thus Thanksgiving Day had an enormous symbolic and emotional meaning – after a year of hard work people finally got the results of their efforts and had a very good reason for festivities. Today, in modern urban America, Thanksgiving Day remains a beautiful tradition, but has lost most of its emotional impact. We are no longer tied to natural rhythms and are less dependent on how good our current harvest is – a lot of people have no idea about harvests and suchlike at all. But we still have a lot to thank for.

Horror Genre The Feeling Of Fear Essay - 1875 Words

When I was young, and knew little about how the world worked, I was frightened by the ideas of monsters in my closet or dolls that come to life while you are asleep. Now that I am older, I have more experience living on Earth, and I know what to expect from it. Likewise, horror genre has grown to create an alternate reality in which one can not assume that what we come to expect of the real world applies in a fictional one: â€Å"[The horror genre] must posit an unnatural threat that is outside the realm of normalcy, reality, or history†¦[with] sympathetic and vulnerable potential victims†(Sipos).As society has grown to expect certain things from a horror film over the years, the horror genre has evolved to counteract that growth in order to provide the audience with the one thing that remains constant in the horror genre, the feeling of fear. The feeling of fear is the one aspect of the genre that defines a horror film: â€Å"horror is one of the rare genres that are de fined not primarily by period or formal idiosyncrasies, but by the effect they produce in the audience...They all aim at the bodily response of their audience† (Hantke). Throughout the history of the horror genre, parts of the mythology, conventions, and iconography, of the genre that were used to produce the desired response of an audience have changed drastically along with the various cultural changes that occurred during the genre’s history as evidenced by the contrasting and comparable aspects of the horror films,Show MoreRelatedParadox Of Horror Movies951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Horror Paradox Horror movies have been classified as the type of genre that heavily exploits the use of violence and grisly images to appeal to different audiences. 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Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply Free Essays

string(411) " more than one mode is mostly profitable to organisation \(Murphy and Farris, 1993\) but depended on type of freight and relative distance but is it that simple in present world\? Multimodal/ Intermodal Transportation System Multimodal and intermodal being the two words used in literature with synonymous meaning of: ‘usage of one or more than one mode of transport’ innocently interoperated occasionally\." UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN BUSSINESS SCHOOL| Globalization of Logistics and Supply Chain: Selection Of Global Supplier Over Local Impacts On Sustainability of Supply Chain| Key words : Sustainable Supply Chain, Multi- modal/Intra-modal Transport, Transport modes, Logistics, Operations, Sustainability, Triple bottom line| | Aqeel Iqbal| 15-Apr-13| This paper is conceptualizing on combination of transport modes organisation use to maintain sustainability in their supply chain by keeping the carbon foot print to minimum, this paper utilizes desk research to evaluate the impact of this approach on the organisations who prefer global suppliers over local evaluating the trade-offs these organisations need to make in order to maintain an equilibrium of sustainability in their supply chain concluding on the fact that dependent on an organisational willingness to be environmentally sustainable future most practices don’t need a choice of cost over environment but some need sacrifice of at least one to maintain sustainability. | Introduction This research paper is aimed to critically evaluate and answer the research question of: how selection of global over local suppliers affects organisation’s sustainable supply chain strategy while considering the impact of ‘‘multi-modal’/‘intramodal’ ch oice’ and what trade-offs does these organisations need do in order to achieve this? To answer this research question it is essential to address two wide areas in business literature, gaining an understand of what these areas actually mean to an organisational operational strategy: first being identification of different intramodal/multimodal transport choice used in local and global supply chains; whereas the second to critically evaluate why priority is given by different organisations to select global suppliers over local, while achieving reasoning from prospective of different Industries and organisations within those industries for the trades-off they are willing to do in order to implement selected means in to practice, while maintaining the sustainability of their supply chain. This paper divided into four nterlinked parts will use desk search to grasp understanding on wide topics of present transportation modes, multi-modal/intramodal transportation system, and sustainability of supply chain (focusing on logistics and operation function) and Impacts of select ing global supply chain; dividing each part by sub-research questions asked to the reader at end of each part; While concluding the paper on the notion that selection of the mode depends on trade-offs an organisations is willing to make between being ecological sustainable to cost and service. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply or any similar topic only for you Order Now Transportation modes at present In the past decades the transportation system has been regarded as a separate function and an additional cost to the organisations supply chain (Huge-Brodin, 2013); which has also often been likened with the objective of cost minimisation rather than a value adding factor (Cunningham, 1982). However, this long-established concept has been critiqued to be a value added activity in the supply chain from literature of twenty first century (E. Bo and Hammervoll, 2010; Freight best practice, 2013; Huge-Brodin, 2013) based on the emerging demand for advanced logistics services and the globalization trends, demand in cutting of lead period, short product life cycles, and increased technology use and outsourcing trends (Anthony D. Ross, 2012). This notion has lead organisations consider flexible and effective freight flow which can match and fulfil organisation needs dependent on their market and environment (Cunningham, 1982; Murphy and Farris, 1993; Huge-Brodin, 2013). In order to understand how to use the right transportation mode freight movement it is eminent to know different transportation methods used by organisations at present and critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of them (see Appendix A B). (Appendix AB) does not show one of the major transport mode pipeline mainly because of its use in movement of specific kind of freight like oil and gas thus not firmly a modal choice it has a high initial cost of setup but is full reliable cost effective and environment friendly (CEFIC, 2011; Freight best practice, 2013). There are four major categories of freight transport used presently: inland water and sea, air, pipeline, and land. Whereas most literatures in the past categorised land into sub modes in order to evaluate the effectiveness of them as Road and Rail (Murphy and Farris, 1993; Freight best practice, 2013); thus for the purpose of this paper five inclusive the sub categories will be used. Maria Feo-Valero and her colleagues (Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011) in a review to bibliography has highlighted Freight Value Of Time (FVOT) as a scale for the methods of transport mode selection; based on the rate of substitution between travel cost and time called value of time (VOT) as different modes vary majorly in consciences of amount they carry in given time and the cost to the organisation (Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011) . As different organisations in the same industries have different priories of transport mainly dependent on their locations, sustainability, market share, quantity, size and weight of inventories (Carter and Rogers, 2008; Meixell and Mario, 2008) as an example retail industry consists a combination of deep-sea mode which commute inventories internationally (may contain inventories for various competitors within the same region in a container (Fawcett and Mangan, 2002; Pettit, Liu and Beresford, 2011)) then through either rail or road depended on inventory size, weight, type and location of main warehouse and sustainable practice of the organisation is selected from which may be distributed via road transport either to depot or directly to the retail store (Wu and Dunn, 1995; Huge-Brodin, 2013). The FVOT value has been an important addition to the logistics planning following the concept of cost reduction with less recognition over time but similar frameworks illustrate results which h ave been used to optimize time and cost of transportation of freight (Murphy and Farris, 1993; Carter and Rogers, 2008). Which lead managers and academics to a conclusion that combination of more than one mode is mostly profitable to organisation (Murphy and Farris, 1993) but depended on type of freight and relative distance but is it that simple in present world? Multimodal/ Intermodal Transportation System Multimodal and intermodal being the two words used in literature with synonymous meaning of: ‘usage of one or more than one mode of transport’ innocently interoperated occasionally. You read "Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply" in category "Papers" Thus it is important to address this for the purpose of this paper: intra-model transport with only one significant difference to multimodal is that the freight being transported are not handled on every occasion when the mode of transport is changed (Freight best practice, 2013) in opposition to multi-modal where freight are andled each time for example in case of container caring automobile that arrive at de ep sea port is opened and cars remove from the container are loaded on a auto-transport trailer to carry by the trailer to showroom (Worthington and Britton, 2006). For the purpose of this paper multi-modal will be used to demonstrate more than one of transport. Multi-modal transportations have answered to the cost reduction of the orthodox literature on reduction of cost and time freight transport: as discussed earlier in the retail example for the ship carrying inventories of different competitors in a shared container reducing cost by sharing of container, and dependent on the agile approach of any of these competitor time frame of getting inventors from deep sea port to stores can be reduced by using road mode rather than rail (Logistcs Cluster, 2011). As the field of transportation evolved â€Å"Deregulation of the rail and trucking industries, implementation of innovative manufacturing strategies such as Just in Time (JIT),increased emphasis on quality management† (Meixell and Mario, 2008) and stakeholder (R. E. Freeman, 1984) consideration have all contributed to cause complexity in transportation selection (Murphy and Farris, 1993) developing the traditional view of just selecting the mode and type of carrier (Meixell and Mario, 2008). In present time logistics/operation manages are bound to understand the Industries challenges faced by the organisation as explained by (Meixell and Mario, 2008) in their paper comparing â€Å"Transportation capacity shortage, and International growth, Economies of scale and scope, Security concerns, Environmental and energy used†. As research carried by (Pettit, Liu and Beresford, 2011) on the extraction and transportation of iron ore from Australia to China utilizing multimodal transportation relied on more convectional mode of transport Deeps Sea for country to country transportation but other than that saw were some limitations imposed on multimodal transport options for bulk cargoes. As Iron ore flows are typically as â€Å"high volume – high weight – low value and transhipment is time consuming, energy intensive and expensive† thus minimising the modes of transportation and limiting â€Å"large number of transhipment points†. As the research question point out need to investigate the sustainable options to transport the next parts of the essay will achieve an understanding: Is global multi-modal transportation a sustainable option for an organisations supply chain and what trade-offs are organisations willing to make in order to implement this modal in their supply chain? In order to answer this it is critical to first grasp an understanding of what sustainable supply chain means to an organisation? Sustainability of Supply Chain Shareholder theory stating the organisations primary focus being increasing shareholders wealth (Friedman, 1970) has overly been critiqued by the stakeholder theory over the topic of ill consideration of environmental and social sustainability (R. E. Freeman, 1984; Jensen, 2002; Murphy, 2012). Sustainability as defined by (Worthington and Britton, 2006: 510) â€Å"An approach to economic growth and development which takes account of the social and environmental consequences† also referred to as the triple bottom line approach (Elkington, 1994; Carter and Rogers, 2008; Seuring and Muller, 2008). Supply chains by definition necessitate organisations to work collectively with the purpose of adding value to the customer by physical movement of goods. In present world combination of different supply chains have come together to form a supply web (Poter. M. E, 1985,1996; Handfield and Nichols, 2002). As the research question only relates with the impact of the multi-modal choice impact on the supply chain thus functions supporting function from Poter’s value chain model are side lined and emphases is given on the inbound/outbound logistics and operations (Poter. M. E, 1985,1996) value chain model (explaining supply chain as a combination of value adding activates within an organisational structure). Inbound/Outbound logistics being one of the most important function of the supply chain (Carter and Rogers, 2008) has been linked to sustainability because of inclusion of one the most costly and environmentally harmful sub-function (transport function) in it (Huge-Brodin, 2013) as according to (CEFIC, 2011) report Transport including freight accounts for 20% of all EU’s green house gas emissions which was projected to raise to 30% by 2020 if precautions are not taken. Sustainability a wide topic in itself has been of great interest to all the stakeholders in present time especially to customers, governments and non-Governmental organisations (NGOs); Pressurising organisations to operate in environmental and social friendly manner and demanding transparency from organisation supply chains (Carter and Rogers, 2008; CEFIC, 2011; Freight best practice, 2013). This transparency majorly driven y corporate reporting, â€Å"Interoperable software and globalization of supply chainsâ €  making it hard and risky for an organisation to do corporate unethical activities (Carter and Rogers, 2008)as: in case logistics external stakeholders are mainly interested in the economical and the environmental impact on sustainability for example raised awareness in sustainability of environment presently as consumers looking at carbon foot print (total amount of carbon emission done in to getting the product to the end user (Freight best practice, 2013))before purchase of a product (Anthony D. Ross, 2012); Carbon footprint is one of most important variable, while calculating environmental sustainability (Anthony D. Ross, 2012; Carter and Rogers, 2008; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011). As all three Economical, social and Environmental impacts are considered while making a mode selection, (Carter and Rogers, 2008) drew a wider picture of implications in the their version of triple bottom line(3BL) (see Appendix C)by including the risk management, organisational culture, transparency and organisational strategy as the factors basing the triple bottom line of an organisation. Whereas placing a question mark at being good which relates the social and environmental factors of 3BL following the viewpoint of some scholars like (Walley and Whitehead, 1994) stating â€Å"environmental and social initiatives are costly undertakings† (Carter and Rogers, 2008). In contrast to statement by (Walley and Whitehead, 1994) some logistics and operations functions fall in the category of being sustainable in all forms as resulted in a study done in 1980 on 45 firms in Denmark; results found suggested 20 out of 45 to be cost saving options (Dielman and de Hoo, 1993) for example: efficient routing of transport, reducing packaging, improving operational order in warehouses and having fuel efficient transportation, (Carter and Rogers, 2008) and reverse logistics for some Industries as the fabricated metal products industry and electric/electronic products industry used as topic of research by (Talbot, Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 2007). According to (Wagner, 2005) In practice, organisation try hard to achieve a win-win situation when considering the economic and the environmental aspect; but when it comes to trade-offs based on the analysis of all there dimension (Seuring and Muller, 2008) have rated the economic dimension of being the most important from the view of the organisation explaining the notion that â€Å"without economic success, there would be no supply chains† whereas trade-offs between environmental and social dimension dictions have not been clear (Wagner, 2005). This now leads to the question of: Are global multi-modal sustainable and what trade-offs does an organisation need to make while selecting them? Global Supply chain Impacts and Trade-offs Following the challenges faced by the organisations highlighted earlier in the paper by (Meixell and Mario, 2008). As different Industries operate in different ways and organisations within those industries may also differ in operation and strategy example form the fashion retail industry being: Zara fashions, number one fashion retailer of the world benefited with highly agile supply chain function; highly integrated communication and inventory management system (Euromonitor International , 2011) . Where as in comparison its nearest competitor GAP utilizing a more leaner approach to reduce the uncertainty; both organisations being global brands but with different operational strategies and possessing their own comparative advantage within fashion industry. As both these companies source some of their products from global suppliers but because of difference in organisational strategies and core competency rely on different sources as Zara with its most of its operations and headquarters in Spain use more European to aid its agile approach with tradeoffs cost to small batches of inventory levels at each store every fourth week (Euromonitor International , 2011; Paloma Diaz Soloaga and Mercedes Monjo, 2010) making Zara environmentally and economical less sustainable to GAP but Zara make that up with local most manufacturing locally in Spain (Euromonitor International , 2011). As the research question converse the notion of impacts of selecting a global supplier over local supplier it is important to address the reasons for selecting one? As some nations are more comparative than other nations as explained by (Porter, 1990) possessing a unique quality that attracts organisations to select global supply chains rather than local mostly looki ng for economic sustainability (Yip, 1989; Elkington, 1994; Seuring and Muller, 2008). Organisations deciding to select a global supplier than a local supplier decreases environmental sustainable supply chain but mostly has an opposite impact on economically. Successful businesses respond to both internal and external changes and amend their strategist in the same manner. In order to ain supplies globally even with increased pressure from customer demands of being ‘green’ and highly imposed governmental regulations in most regions around the globe organisation in turn making diction hard for logistics managers to do certain trade-offs to maintain sustainability on ‘cost, quality and service’, while limiting dangerous emissions to atmosphere (IBM, 2008). Managers devising an operational strategy of an organisation analyse cost and profit in perspective of corporate goals and objectives. The main Trade-offs linked to each part of sustainable supply chain as in acquisition of raw materials sourced by inbound logistics, involves purchasing purchase of ‘green’ raw material may be costly to normal material leaving a trade-off to buy form low cost supplier or environmentally friendly. Organisation indoor to stay sustainable only trade from suppliers that are certified to International Organization of Standardization standards (ISO) has lead organisations dealing in third world countries with less awareness of ISO regulations to find alternative sources of suppliers (Wu and Dunn, 1995; Anthony D. Ross, 2012). The selection of the vendor will also influence the transpiration mode of selection as for example in third world countries there is lack of infrastructure of trains is not of high speed and precise in timing as in European countries which causes delays, unpredictability and also be unsustainable by possessing extra cost and additional CO2 emissions’; where as some don’t have facility of using road rail combination at all, in both cases trucks to transport goods from remote locations of railway station or deep seaports may increase the Carbon foot print more than of that of a normal raw marital bought from a local supplier (Wu and Dunn, 1995). Smart Packaging is another part of logistics in which organisation can do trade-off to stay environmentally sustainable as global supplies use containers to send bulk of goods packed together reducing packaging and material handling costs; another way is being minimizing protection packaging can improve space utilization and reduce handling costs (Sony Global, 2012) at each point of transportation reducing carbon footprint. Lean approach within the supply chain makes it environmentally sustainable but adds usage of ware housing costs with storage of goods in oppositions to widely uses JIT approach (smaller regular shipments) (IBM, 2008) as warehousing occupies excess and and generation of excess packaging waste hat can be reduced by using a local supplier as organisations trade-off of selecting a leaner approach while selecting a global supplier being risk of excess inventories stuck with in the warehouse with an unpredictable customer demand (Wu and Dunn, 1995) as demonstrated by Ap pendix D demonstrating an example of relationship of all variables of trade-off while comparing operational strategies with shipment consolidation used by IBM (IBM, 2008) to explain effects on environment. Reverse logistics have solved this problem of excess cost of packing and return items by the customers to be sent upstream to supplier using standardized renewable packing (Walley and Whitehead, 1994; Wu and Dunn, 1995; Anthony D. Ross, 2012)but when considering a global supplier it will be addition cost of transportation to the organisation using reverse logistics resulting in excess waste creation an unsustainable option (Talbot, Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 2007; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011). Information and communications (ICT) can also played an important role in sustainable global supply chain substituting Information with inventory levels (Wu and Dunn, 1995) devising the right routs and knowing the exact times inventory arrivals, conciliation of shipments and optimising waste by minimizing large number of suppliers to just few, maximizing truckload in forward and backward supply chain over all removing uncertainty of supply chain (Mason, Lalwani and Boughton, 2007) the tradeoffs of the initial cost of implementing the ICT systems in organisation to long term sustainable benefits (IBM, 2008; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011; Sony Global B, 2012). Dependent on the trade-off an organisation is willing to make over cost, service or environment organisations can select a sustainable multimodal method of transport(see Appendix E ) as trade-offs may vary according to selection of a local supplier. Conclusion This paper was aimed to answer question of how selection of global suppliers affects organisation’s sustainable supply chain strategy in light of multi-modal choice while considering the impact and what trade-offs does these organisations need do in order to achieve a sustainable supply chain? It is best to conclude this paper at notion of Industries and organisations vary in the need of supply chains dependent on the variants discussed in the paper; taken as a whole, these factors explained by (Carter and Rogers, 008; Meixell and Mario, 2008) play a very important role in selection of mode transport and over all operation strategy and an organisation should assess the trade-offs based on these factors. Whereas overall t he decision of using or changing the multi-modal used depends on an organisational willingness to be environmentally sustainable future most of the changes are both cost and eco friendly whereas some require to long protesting one on other. Works Cited Andrew, D. T. (2013) Globalisation Lecture, 8 January, [Online], Available: https://blackboard. glam. ac. uk/bbcswebdav/courses/PS4S34_2012_v1/Andrew%20Thomas%20-%20Globalisation%20Lecture. pdf [20 January 2013]. Anthony D. Ross, H. P. a. C. D. (2012) ‘Sustainability and supply chain infrastructure development’, Management Decision, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 891-1910. Carter, C. R. and Rogers, D. S. (2008) ‘A framework of sustainable supply chain management:moving towards new theory’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 360-87. CEFIC (2011) Guidelines for Measuring and Managing CO2 Emission from Freight Transport Operations, March, [Online], Available: http://w ww. cefic. org/Documents/IndustrySupport/Transport-and-Logistics/Best%20Practice%20Guidelines%20-%20General%20Guidelines/Cefic-ECTA%20Guidelines%20for%20measuring%20and%20managing%20CO2%20emissions%20from%20transport%20operations%20Final%2030. 03. 201 [1 April 2013]. Cunningham, W. H. J. 1982) ‘Freight Modal Choice and Competition in Transportation: A Critique and Categorization of Analysis Techniques’, TRANSPORTATION JOURNAL (American Society of Transportation Logistics Inc), vol. 21, no. 4, Summer, pp. 66-75. Dielman, H. and de Hoo, S.. (1993) ‘Toward a tailor-made process of pollution prevention and cleaner production: results and implications of the PRISMA project†, in Fisher, K. andSchott, J. ,’, Environmental Strategies for Industry Island Press, Washington, DC, no. 2, pp. 45-75. E. Bo and Hammervoll, T. (2010) ‘Cost-based pricing of transportation services in a wholesaler-carrier relationship: an MS Excel spreadsheet decision toolâ€℠¢, International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, vol. 13. , no. 3, pp. 197-210. Elkington, J. (1994) ‘ Towards the sustainable corporation: Win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development’, California Management Review , vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 90-100. Euromonitor International (2011) FOCUS: Zara grows in Brazil while Gap and HM dither, 7 october, [Online], Available: http://www. just-style. com/analysis/zara-grows-in-brazil-while-gap-and-hm-dither_id112354. aspx [12 February 2013]. Fawcett, S. E. and Mangan, G. M. (2002) ‘The rhetoric and reality of supply chain integration’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 39-61. Feo-valero, M. , Menendez, l. G. nd hidalgo, R. G. (2011) ‘Valuing Freight Transport Time using Transport Demand Modelling: A Bibliographical Review’, Transport Reviews, vol. 31, no. 5, September, p. 625–651. Freight best practice, (2013) Choosing and Developing a Multi-modal Transport Solution, [Online], Available: freightbestpractice. org. uk/categories/3589_586_dulliau-amlfoddol–multi-modal-. aspx [1 March 2013]. Friedman, M. (1970) ‘The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profits’, New York Times Magazine, vol. 13, no. 32. Gerry Johnson, K. S. W. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th edition, London: Pearson Education. Handfield, R. B. and Nichols, J.. E. L. 2002) Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value systems, 1st edition, United States of America: FT Press. Huge-Brodin, K. I. a. M. (2013) ‘Understanding efficiencies behind logistics service providers’ green offerings’, Management Research Review, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 216-238. IBM (2008) Mastering carbon management:Balancing trade-offs to optimize supply chain efficiencies, [Online], Available: -05. ibm. com/de/automotive/downloads/mastering-carbon-management. pdf [1 April 2013]. Ilan Oshri, J. K. W. R. L. W. (2009) ‘Global sourcing: recent trends and issues’, Info rmation Technology People, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 192-200. Jensen, M. C. 2002) ‘Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function’, Business Ethics Quarterly , vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 235-56. Logistcs Cluster (2011) Logistics Operational Guide, May, [Online], Available: http://log. logcluster. org/response/transport/ [2 March 2013]. Mason, R. , Lalwani, C. and Boughton, R. (2007) ‘Combining vertical and horizontal collaboration for transport optimisation’, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 187–199. Meixell, J. M. and Mario, N. (2008) ‘A review of the transportation mode choice and carrier selection literature’, The International Journal of Logistics, vol. How to cite Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply, Papers

Positive Management Practices to Achieve Results

Question 1: List and identify the relationships between different functions/processes and explain the different functions and processes.List the key aims, objectives and mission of ABC Company and draw a process map for any one of the functions.Evaluate the elements required to build a quality gateway, which focuses on the output of the process Answer 1: Introduction Through this report, significance of various business processes will be discussed that are mainly used for the purpose of delivering the results and the goals of ABC Company, which is a recruitment company (Mullins 2007). The report will also help in understanding how the relevance system tries to ensure about the quality of either product or service of the company and how the same could impact the organization. The report discusses about the managers working at ABC Company who has blamed the company for deficits.The managers have blamed the poor management, inadequate leadership, as well as ineffective management of the company for this deficit (Mullins 2007). These issues have leaded to decrease in job, delayed the operations and close the services. These issues are crucial as financial failure often reflect on the failure of the company (Mullins 2007). Therefore, by considering the present scenario of the company, certain suggestions has to be made for advising over the changes to be made in the company, so that overall performance of the company could be improved (Mullins 2007). The size of the company might impact the external environment along with ability to respond towards it (Mullins 2007). Small businesses having the limited resources mainly the finance and the management are unable to actually scan the environment and negatively react towards the changes in the environment (Mullins 2007). Basically, there are small businesses that try to thrive towards the slow economy. The organizational structure of ABC Company includes the design group staff through their products and functions (Mullins 2007). This structure is helpful in dealing with the recruitment procedure and work in different areas, like people working in teams or projects (Mullins 2007). The entire business process of ABC Company is the ideal process for doing business, as they have deployed the new technologies in the business like ERP and SAP softwares that has helped them in keeping 360 degree view of the recruited staff, the reason for including these softwares is that the company has ga ined the experience of having the cross functioning (Mullins 2007).If the company wants to conduct the new recruitment process, it gives the ads and selects the candidates according to qualification and work experience (Mullins 2007). The shortlisted candidates are called for the interview and are selected on the basis of it. The key factor for ABC Company requires looking over to the communication. Increase in the level of communication can result into analyzing the coordination among the productivity level of the company (Mullins 2007). The company also gives constant training and organizes activities in the company. The cross functional activities of the company help the company in achieving the process quality, orientation growth, and employees satisfaction (Mullins 2007).ABC Company is devoted towards developing the human potential. The mission of the company is to creative innovative solutions for the people and informs them about the choices in order to improve their lives (M iller 2004). The company motivates and encourages the employees to achieve their both professional as well as personal fulfillment (Miller 2004). The process mapping is referred as the visual aid that supports in understanding the work process of ABC Company. The business success lies over the communication ability about the core functions along with important activities of the business (Miller 2004). Process mapping is referred as a technique, in which business process is actually converted into the visual diagram. The above diagram depicts the ABC Company core process along with important activities, in which it is depicted that there core process aim is to achieve the main activities, in order to fulfill the objectives of the business (Miller 2004). ABC Company has tried to achieve every factor in their mission statement since the starting of the company. The company has tried to maintain their quality of services (Miller 2004). The company has introduced different forms in their recruitment procedure along with imparting training services. The new objectives introduced by the ABC Company tries to fulfill the criteria of the SMART objectives, which includes, specific, measurable, achievable, Time bound as well as result oriented (Miller 2004). The results of the business process rely over the goals as well as factors of attaining critical success. There are certain measures of the business process that are followed by the company (Miller 2004).The company makes use of SAP and ERP softwares in order to properly handle the customers and employees data through having the greatest visibility along with predicated outcomes of the employees that are drawn (Miller 2004). The companies try to enable towards focusing on imparting unique approach towards the recruitment process. The companys main focus is on talent of the middle as well as senior management requirements. The company tries to recruit all across different segments of the industry for the multinational companies along with other leading business houses (Miller 2004). The ABC Company also tries to deliver their services according to the set timescale. Question 2: Design a plan to promote goals and objectives for ABC Company to ensure plans are consistent with legal, regulatory and ethical requirements.Write, using SMART objectives, your recommendations relating to the alignment of people and other resources, in an effective and efficient way.Implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives in the most efficient way, on time, to budget and meeting organizational standards of quality.Carry out work activities meeting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control. Answer 2: Planning for the company requires one to develop the clear objectives that are actually reliable in undertaking the functions of the business (David and Fischer 1983). In the case of ABC Company, they consider that the planning is actually a critical process in ensuring as well as exploring the costs and changes in the advance along with keeping everything under the control (David and Fischer 1983). As per the ABC Company they try to make the plan at various levels. In every organizational level, the core functions of the company tries to drive the individual in order to achieve the objectives and every activity cover up the deployment resources that could try to convert the day to day performance through the behavior quality as well as policy performance (David and Fischer 1983). The ABC Company undertakes the SMART objectives as it help them in enhancing their process of recruitment process and imparting other HR activities. The David and Fischer (1983) consider the SMART objectives while evaluating the ABC Company employees relationship management. Employees relationship management is the important process, as it supports in adding value to the company and it also supports in enhancing the business in a quite efficient as well as effective manner (David and Fischer 1983). It is noted that ABC Company has understood the companys long term growth that relies over their ability to make tie up with the employees. There is a link with the customers needs and employees ability to fulfill those needs (David and Fischer 1983).ABC Company has tried to implement the move through improving the recruitment activities and implemented the ERP process in the company (David and Fischer 1983). But actually, there is a high time for the company to understand and look towards the future of the companys competitors in order to gain the competitive advantage for starting the activities of the company (David and Fischer 1983). The company also tries to build the campaign management, which is quite a demanded process of the company, as through this process the company tries to retrieve the employees profile in order to customize as well as develop the campaign management cycle by making use of the cutting edge in the present scenario and in enhancing the intelligence of employees (David and Fischer 1983). In order to implement the relevant systems for fulfilling the objectives in the effective manner within the time as well as budget in fulfilling the companys standard quality, therefore, the company makes use of project management tool for implementing these standards (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). A project is considered as the different endeavor in order to produce the deliverables in the set time as well as constraints of quality. Its noted that projects are often differentiating that it becomes challenging to define it (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). A project is defined as the unique venture that includes both starting and ending, which is mainly conducted through the people in order to meet the set up goals along with the parameters of both quality and schedule of cost (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986).The Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar (1986) has also selected the work break structure in the company through adopting different methods like, Gantt Chart, ERP process, tools for ri sk management, along with Critical Path analysis in order to implement the systems for fulfilling the objectives in effective way and as per the quality standards of the company (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). It is noted that work breakdown structure of the company supports in conducting the employees relationship process of SAP in the company that supports in understanding all the process as well as task (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). The operations plan of ABC Company includes, Organizational constraints, development of products, value added chain, as well as meeting objectives (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). ABC Company undertakes the two steps for developing the new services like design as well as development and other one is setting up the specifications. The mechanism of ABC Company includes the services of training and development (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). In this process the company tries to first estimate the ways to increase the sales if the new services are designed that could appeal the employees. After undertaking the market research through the help of research and development department of the ABC Company establish the product specifications (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). ABC company value added chain includes the process through which they try to collect the employees data, and try to recruit the candidate after specific procedure (Arthur, Ellis and Hillmar 1986). Question 3: Explain the systems required to manage and monitor quality standards of ABC Company.Demonstrate a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluation and development of the processRecommend improvements which align with the organizations objectives and goals and which results in improvements. Highlight the elements of your plan which are going to bring continuous improvement in the system.Write a brief report on the wider implications of proposed changes within the organization. Answer 3: In the present world, the quality is considered as the significant factor for determining the position of the company in order to stay in the competitive market (Buchanan and Baddy 1982). The products of high quality have leads towards the goodwill and satisfaction of the customers, through conducting the repetitive sales and making loyal customers (Buchanan and Baddy 1982). The system adopted for monitoring as well as managing the standards of quality specified by the ABC Company are allotted through the top management in all the operations of the company, which includes: The Company should offer the services in order to meet the standards within time frame (Buchanan and Baddy 1982). It should lead towards improving the entire process for the purpose of understanding the needs of the changing customers as well as their preferences and inputs for the purpose of reviewing and establishing the performance standards of the services (Buchanan and Baddy 1982). Management of the quality at ABC Company is not just a process for the company, rather its considered as the continuous process assessment (Basu 2004). As its stated earlier, the total quality management concept adopted by ABC Company is considered as philosophy for managing the company for fulfilling the requirements of stakeholders along with their expectations (Basu 2004). Its not easy to achieve the total quality management along with the culture of an organization, such as language or subculture in the entire system of the company that impose the challenges; therefore, ABC company priority is based on the changing culture of the company that could increase quality standards and ensure about the process development and continuous monitoring of entire process (Basu 2004). It is recommended that ABC Company should adopt the six sigma theory in order to enhance the process output quality (Burke 2007). It tries to instigate towards fulfilling the set objectives, along with improvement in process and measuring the performance. It includes all the business process that makes the company work at the zero defects (Burke 2007). ABC Company adopts the quality improvement tools and tries to align with recruitment aims of the company. Quality improvement process is included in order to enhance the productivity and efficiency in fulfilling the needs of the clients (Burke 2007). It is noted that ABC Company tries to opt for the tools of six sigma in the process of quality improvement, as it supports the company in minimizing its effects of recruitment process, and also help in improving the profitability of the business, along with improving the efficiency and productivity of every operations in order to fulfill the requirements and expectations of the clients (Stoling 2008). The core functions of the six sigma process in ABC Company are enhancing the employees retention and improve the business services (Stoling 2008). All the above factors can leave the wide implications in the company over the changed process. It is recommended to ABC Company to implement the tool of Six Sigma through investing the huge capital in adopting the ERP software to be installed in the company (Stoling 2008). Question 4: Advice on how to carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organizational requirements ensuring appropriate action is taken.Demonstrate the correct and effective application of the health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in ABC Company.Carry out a systematic review of organizationalhealth and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and compliant.Advise on how to carry out the practical application of health and safety policies and procedures ABC Company. Answer 4: The legislation of health and safety legislation can be included in the ABC Company, as it can help in organizing the efforts and procedures for exploring the hazards at the workplace and also supports in minimizing the accidents that could be caused through harmful situations (Cardoso 2005). It cover up personnel training in preventing the accidents, response at the time of accidents, preparedness of any type of emergency and using the equipments during risk (Cardoso 2005). Therefore, its the duty of the training manager to impart training to staff for getting prepared during risky situations. A risk assessment process is important at ABC Company, so that they could train employees according to the set legislation by the government (Cardoso 2005). It is noted that laws often dont expect from every company to practice it, but its important they should ensure about the employees safety along with safety of the society (Becker, Rosemann and von Uthmann 2000). The legislation of health and safety as per the 1948 Factories Act, workers welfare should be ensured in the company. ABC Company imparts training that relates according to industry, under which the companies operate their laws (Becker, Rosemann and von Uthmann 2000). For the purpose of carrying out the organizations review about the policies of health and safety and its entire procedure, ABC Company tries to draw the policies that follow the same in the company (Becker, Rosemann and von Uthmann 2000). It is believed by ABC Company to accept the changes and try to forge towards all these changes in the company. Through evaluating the effectiveness of health and safety legislation, it is expected that ABC company to clearly understand all the efficiencies as well as complaints related to it for the purpose of practicing the regulations of health and safety in the company (Becker, Rosemann and von Uthmann 2000). The company also discuss about the crucial points that could bring improvement in the company. The ABC Company presents their views on the ABC company along with the points based on the practical applications related to the policies of health and safety, for example, laws related to health and safety falls along with the health and safety policies practical application at the workplaces through hiring the housekeeping service people who could come at the time of production (Becker, Rosemann and von Uthmann 2000). The company should also try to ensure about the hiring those employees who are trained in reducing the hazards. For example, for the paint company, spill of the paint could be risky situation as it can harm the employees; if the employees are trained they could take help of housekeeping machine for keeping the floor clean and minimizes the chances of accidents (Becker, Rosemann and von Uthmann 2000). Conclusion ABC Company operates its recruitment business in many countries and tries to impart quality services to their clients. The report has tried to discuss about the interrelationship among the various processes of the ABC Company in order to meet their goals and objectives. The report also discusses about the various areas of the companies responsibilities and how the company should plan its operations, so that it could be improved. On the other side, the report has also discussed about the ABC Company and how to actually monitor the relevant quality systems for the purpose of enhancing the performance of the company. Finally, it also discusses the ways of managing the health and safety in the companies. References Arthur, C., Ellis, E. and Hillmar, D. 1986. Positive Management Practices: Bringing out the best in organisation and people. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. Basu, R. 2004. Implementing quality. Cengage learning EMEA Becker, J., Rosemann, M. and von Uthmann, C. 2000. Guidelines of Business Process Modeling, in Business Process Management. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. Buchanan and Baddy. 1982. Fundamentals of project management (1st edition). New York: SAGE. Burke. 2007. Introduction to Project Management. Partner Pub Group. Cardoso, J. 2005. Evaluating the Process Control-Flow Complexity Measure. ICWS David, A. and Fischer. 1983. Strategies towards political pressure: A typology of firm responses. Academy of management review. Miller, A., et al. 2004. Strategic management (2nd edition). New York, USA: SAGE Mullins, L.J. 2007. Management and organizational behavior,8th Ed. Pearson education ltd. Stoling, W. 2008. Managing activities to achieve result. 6th ed. England: Wiley.

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0j9j9j0+j ¿0k ¿0 Strategic AlternativesTo discover a marketing opportunity , management must know to identify the alternatives. The best method of developing is which when we match products with markets. They are 4 firms that can explore this optionMarket penetration that is a firm that try to increase market share among existing costumers. For example Pizza Hut that offer promotions, cents-off cupons, discountsMarket Development: Means attracting new costumers to existing products.Mcdonald for example, has opened restaurants in Russia,China and intaly and is eagerly2 expanding inro Eastern European countriesProduct development: Strategy that entails the creation of new products for present markets. For example Mcdonald introduced yogurt parfaits,Entr ©e Salads and Fruits to offer costumers more healthy foodDiversificaction:Is the strategy to increase salesn by introducing new products into new markets. a starting McCafe, McDonald's is offering new products that were not available in traditional Mc Donald's stores. McCafe specializes in serving cafes, which attracts customers that usually don't come to McDonald's to eat fastfood.Schokoladenkuchen von McCafe (Mcdonalds) - 2,25 EU...

Les Miserable essays

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Improving Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services

Improving Supply Chain Performance Of Blood Services Blood Banking services is one of the most important operations worldwide. The blood banking service provides the resources for transfusion needed in every medical intervention, whether in peacetime or during war. This paper observes the process of blood banking supply chain, starting with the upstream suppliers of raw material (blood) and down to the downstream consumers of products (hospitals). In the first part of this paper we present an overview of the supply chain of blood banking, and review the relevant research and literature regarding supply chain management of blood banking. In the second part, we select two areas of the supply chain and select key performance indicators (KPIs) that observe the quality of the supply chain of blood banking, from an aspect of service quality and cost control. We set the current levels of these KPIs with relevant information if it is readily available or by extrapolation from historical data where the current levels are unavailable. In the third part, we propose changes to the supply chain to improve the areas of review. These improvements will be indicated by changes in the selected KPIs. Analysis of supply chain performance Corporate Overview Canadian Blood Services (CBS) is the national non-profit organization created to manage the blood supply throughout Canada outside Quebec. Canadian Blood Services operates 41 permanent collection sites and more than 20,000 donor clinics annually (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002). The main products of CBS are Red Blood Cells, Plasma protein products, Platelets and Plasma for transfusion. In 2008 CBS collected 915,858 units of whole blood from 425,000 donors. CBS services provides blood supply services for a population approximately 26,201,377 (Statistics Canada, 2010). Blood Banking Process Overview of CBS The overall process of blood supply is the following: a given geographic region is serviced by a regional blood center (RBC) and smaller community blood centers (CBCs). These are responsible for providing blood products to hospitals. To achieve this, the Blood Centers must plan donor collection at planned locations. Donors are invited to donate blood to donor clinics. To reach a wider donor population, mobile collection units (specialized vehicles) are sent to sites where there are no fixed donor clinics (Pierskalla, 2004.). Depending on the requirements for blood products, the whole blood are collected into appropriate bags are used when drawing blood. The collected whole blood is sent to a CBC or RBC for processing. There, it is tested for viruses and diseases, and final components are prepared from the whole blood. The components are placed into inventory for shipments to hospitals based on their blood product requirements. CBS operates only 41 permanent collection sites/RBC. The supply of blood products is then distributed to hospital blood centers, without community blood centers. The blood products are highly perishable, with shelf life from 5 to 35 days. If a particular component exceeds its maximum shelf life, it must be destroyed. This process is presented on the following figure. Current target of meeting demand is 95% of hospital demand nine months out of twelve. Literature review (Keal and Hebert, 2010) conclude that blood banks must reorganize their mindset and adopt KPIs on a daily basis. Naturally, financial, operations and executive levels may be interested in a different set of indicators. Blood banks need to perform analysis with a much greater frequency then currently performed to become more elastic to demand and changing environment. As a first step, a blood bank needs to identify which issues it needs to address when implementing KPIs. (Jennings, 1973)- Cooperation between is successful in outdate and shortage management is a good choice. Common inventory policy between blood centers reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 72% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 64% for a 5 blood center cluster. Simple threshold transfer policy reduce the numnber of outdates and shortages by 61% in a 20 blood center cluster, and by 54% for a 5 blood center cluster. This operates on a Outdate / Shortage ratio of 1.0 (equal number of shortages and outdates). Simple treshold transfer is much more efficient in transport logistics and costs, as well as information support systems. (Prastacos, 1984) Blood collection is through organized collections, invited donors and walk in donors. No donor should be returned. This variance in collection environemnt dictates very careful selection of Optimal component processing policies to achieve optimal supply of proposed products. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks). The positive reinforcement is a key conclusion of the research of (Oswalt, 1977). (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009)- Discusses that a Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) control for blood products can be extremely efficient, including scenarios of multiple products. (Jones, 2003) Changes to regulation and public events can cause a significant dip in donations and cause blood product shortages. These can be localized, and impact the different regions differently, thus testing the elasticity of the system. Donors react positively to positive reinforcement (rewards, altruism, health checks).The blood donor pool needs to be further researched, since significant number of potential donors are untapped. (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) – performs a computer simulation model of the blood banking environment end-to-end and concludes that there are room for changes that will improve the overall system state. These changes include changes in stock planning, management of inventory Key Performance Indicators, KPIÂ ´s, are indicators showing what needs to be done in an internal operative perspective. These KPIÂ ´s focus on the parts of an organisations performance that are the most critical to success, both for present time and future. A good KPI affects a number of critical success factors. It also affects other KPIÂ ´s in a positive manner. Parmenter (2007, page 3) Due to Neely et al (2000), each company has to map their way to success through identifying a number of key factors in the process When implementing KPIs, it is of utmost importance that goal measures for every KPI are defined. Shahin and Mahbod (2007) claim that SMART goal setting is a commonly used set of criteria of how to set goals. SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Sensitive. The service level is the ability for the company to secure delivery to its customers. When calculating the safety stock the service level is used. (Mattsson, 2004, page 160) decrease the holding stock to 4 days, the introduction of two routine deliveries in working hours to better manage orders from the NBS and grouped transport to hospitals, a more insensitive ad-hoc ordering point for RBCs to 35% of the optimal stock level, the reduction of the total crossmatch release period (before and after transfusion) to 1 day, the increase of the transfusion to crossmatch ratio to 70%, either through stricter compliance with the recommended ordering system leading to more accurate orders placed by doctors, or by applyingm ultiple-crossmatchingte chniques, strict adherence of the hospital blood bank when cross-matching units to a FIFO order for units coming from the Centre and LIFO for the unused, returned units from the other wards. In other words, compliance with a FIFO order accordingt o the collection/productiond ate of the unit Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Procurement The main challenge in the procurement process for blood banks is the supply of the source of all blood products – donors who can vary since donors are volunteers. The supply is further impacted by the list of viruses and diseases that the donations need to be screened for before the products can be used for transfusions (Pierskalla, 2004.). All collected whole blood and blood products are stored in special containers – bags that differ depending on the product they contain. A defective batch of containers delivered from the manufacturer will cause a recall and destruction of an entire batch of collected WBC or entire batches of products. The CBS procurement KPIs that will be investigated are: Percent of RBC shipped vs whole blood collected – This KPI will measure the ratio of of red blood cells shipped to the whole blood collected. From the collected blood, there can be discards due to a variety of reasons (quality control, test results, post-donation information, equipment problems, process non-conformances). This ratio indicates the quality of blood collection and processing. CBS has an average of 79% ratio of this KPI over a 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Blood product recalls per 10,000 collections – This KPI measures the number of blood product recalls once they have been distributed to the hospitals that need to be recalled due to errors, accidents and post-donation information, for every 10,000 blood collections. This ratio is important to since it influences the overall customer satisfaction, and causes costs for the reverse logistics. CBS had the worst recall ratio in 2008, with significant decrease in 2009 (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Whole blood donors – A very straightforward KPI, which tracks the number of persons that donated whole blood – the upstream suppliers. This KPI needs to be closely followed, since a declining number of donors indicate a very real risk of blood and product shortages since the upstream supply is reducing. CBS historical data for this KPI indicates a varying trend in the past 3 years (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of Units of whole blood collected vs Number of Whole blood donors – This KPI presents the prolificacy of each donor during the year. The average waiting period between donations for a donor is 70 days. This means that at most, a single donor can make 5 donations per year. CBS has this KPI at a very constant 2.17 over the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Number of blood containers defective per 10,000 units collected- Since the blood procurement process is extremely dependent on the correct and good quality containers –bags. Therefore, a KPI is needed to identify the amount of defective containers, and properly manage the supplier relationship with the suppliers of these containers. CBS has seen the most defective bags are noted in 2008, with a declining trend in 2009. Analysis of Key Performance Indicators of Inventory Management As (Jennings, 1973) concludes, three of the most important measures in inventory management in any blood bank are shortage, outdating and cost. We will review the following KPIs in the CBS model: Number of component indate discards over components produced – The discarded components from inventory within their shelf life are part of the total loss of stock. Recalls for any reasons, as well as defective containers cause indate discards. But indate discards from inventory reduces available inventory, and can impact the carefully planned balance of procurement, stock and distribution. CBS has a trend of reduction of indate discards in stock, which is consistent with the increasing percentage of delivery of products to collected blood units. Number of outdated components to total components in inventory – Since blood products are extremely perishable, there is no opportunity to keep a stock of blood products for any long period of time unless they are cryofrozen (out of scope of this paper). The outdated components are the stock of products that have not been used before their shelf life has passed. This KPI is crucial in tracking the expiry of products (and conversely money) due to poor planning. CBS is reducing the outdated products and bringing it to 2.5% at an annual level. Cost per blood product unit shipped – Since everything is about cost reduction or customer support, this ratio is crucial for cost management. Every step in the blood banking process is very expensive, and the tracking of this KPI is important for top management, as well as the logistics manager. As can be seen in the diagram, this KPI for CBS is showing increasing costs (Canadian Blood Services, 2009; British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2002) Percent of Order fill rate, by blood product type – This KPI directly tracks the downstream supply chain service quality. The percent of order fill rate is in essence the achieved service level for each type of product. total blood requests, by type of blood product (red blood cells, platelets etc.). CBS sees a reduction of the service level for order fulfillment in the 3 year period (Canadian Blood Services, 2009). Proposed Changes for Improving Performance After reviewing the KPIs of the two processes of interest, certain trends are identified that need to be analyzed and remedial action be taken. Each of these KPIs will require a logistic effort. Procurement The procurement process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 5 KPIs and it was identified that 3 are indicating positive trend. The other 2 KPIs are indicating negative trends that need to be treat: Increasing units of whole blood collected per donor, which indicates reduced motivation of the supply sources. The positive donor motivation should be returned only through positive reinforcement. (Prastacos, 1984; Oswalt, 1977). In logistics terms this would mean more equipment, human resources, marketing material and constant communication with donor relationship teams to provide necessary resources. Number of blood containers defective is widely varying. Most organisations monitor their suppliers to make sure that they continue to give satisfactory service. This is called supplier rating or vendor rating (Waters, 2003) Multiple suppliers and very frequent tracking of this KPI (weekly level) (Keal and Hebert, 2010) so proper remedial action can be taken . FIFO/LIFO Inventory Management The inventory management process of Blood Banking supply chain was observed through 4 KPIs. While 2 KPIs indicate good trends and successful operation, the other 2 indicate serious issues that need to be remedied. The main actions that need to be taken from the investigated KPIs are: Increasing order fill rate. The following diagram presents the overall service level of CBS for order fill rate. It can be concluded that the overall service level (product of service levels of the three products) is steadily declining. The safety stock needs to be increased on all three products to include (Ballou, 2004; Waters, 2003) Trans-Shipment for grouped Stock Centers (Jennings, 1973) and re-use of returned indate products (Katsaliaki and Brailsford, 2007) Vendor Managed Inventory for hospitals (Hemmelmayr et al., 2009) Controlling cost per blood product unit. There is a consistent trend of increasing cost of blood product unit. The cost breakdown in Appendix C shows that the major cost elements are the blood collections and distribution, consisting of 50% of all costs (excluding administration). Since the best positions for cost reduction are at the point of contact between supply chain partners (Waters, 2003), these exact points should be investigated for cost reduction. Conclusion Blood Banking is operating the supply of a key component of life – blood and bood products. It is considered a crucial service for any country, and is even treated as a big business in some countries. The logistical issues of blood banking are many on every level, since blood banking must achieve very fast delivery of products, and any stock-outs may mean loss of human life. This is further Through adoption of KPI tracking throughout the processes of blood banking, a blood service like Canadian Blood Services (CBS) can achieve a very quick reaction time to adverse indications of deficiencies in the process. The procurement process has logistical issues that need to be followed by the logistician in the area of donor treatment, which is an activity that will be performed in coordination with Marketing. A more pressing issue is the management and tracking of quality of blood containers and their suppliers, since a faulty series of containers will cause product recalls, stock-outs and financial losses. The inventory management process as a first priority must focus on achieving an much better overall service level of order fill rate than the current one. The service level needs to be increased by a higher safety stock, but since only increasing the safety stock is costly, a trans-shipment of products between centers need to be performed. Also, this service level can be improved by agreeing on a Vendor Managed Inventory with the hospitals. The other issue is cost of blood product management, through optimizing the process which requires most logistics – blood collections. An optimized process of blood collections which can reduce costs of that process by 10% will show significant improvement of the cost of blood product.

Generation of Electricity Through Coal in Pakistan

At present, the people are facing severe loadshedding/blackout problems due to shortage of power supply. Industries are closing down. Millions of Man hours have been lost leading to an increase in poverty and economic loss of billions of rupees to the country. It is happening despite the facts that about 60% of Pakistan’s population has an access to electricity. And according to World Energy Statistics 2011, published by IEA, Pakistan’s per capita electricity consumption is one-sixth of the World Average.World average per capita electricity Consumption is 2730 kWh compared to Pakistan’s per capita electricity consumption of 451kWh. It is imperative to understand the crises. According to Pakistan Energy Year Book 2011, Pakistan’s installed capacity for power generation is 22,477MW and the demand is approximately the same. The question arises that if the demand and supply has no gap then why we are facing such a crucial electricity crises. To get the answer we need to look into Pakistan’s electricity generation mix fuel wise.Unfortunately, oil & gas has 67% share in electricity generation. Pakistan is generating 35% of its electricity from furnace oil that is mostly imported. Pakistan spends over 12 billion US dollars for the import of furnace oil high speed diesel and crude petroleum that amount is equivalent to 60% of total export earnings and is a serious strain on country’s economy. It was recorded that in year 2011, the import of furnace oil increased by 19% compared to 2010 import.Moreover, the imported furnace oil is high sulphur furnace oil because low sulphur furnace oil is costly. The gaseous emissions from High sulphur furnace oil are polluting the environment and deteriorating the power plants as well. The bitter fact is that the per unit cost of electricity generated from imported furnace oil is high and is expected to increase further due to high forecasted increase in the oil prices. The per unit price of t he electricity generated from furnace oil is neither viable for industrial consumers nor for domestic consumers.At the same time, Pakistan is generating 32% of its electricity from Natural Gas. According to Pakistan Energy Year Book, 2011, Pakistan has 27. 5trillion cubic feet (TCF) balance recoverable gas reserves. Current gas production is 4 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) and the demand is 6 bcfd. The gas production is expected to fall to less than 01 bcfd by 2025 due to depletion and demand will increase to 8 bcfd. While depleting the indigenous natural gas reserves, about one third of the natural gas is used for electricity eneration (32%) causing a severe domestic and industrial load shedding. That has significantly damaged country’s export earnings and increased the import bill. The proposed Iran gas pipeline would provide only 01 bcfd at a cost of $ 1. 25 billion. The proposed TAPI gas pipeline would provide 3. 2 bcfd to 3 countries at a cost of $ 7. 6 billion. In r esponse to a demand of 8 bcfd, we will be having 3 bcfd in 2025 if both proposed are completed. The gap will be 5 bcfd. The available gas will have 66% share of costly imported gas.In the light of above elucidated facts, it is evident that it will not be possible to feed gas based power plants in future that contribute 32 % of the power generation. In the light of above discussion, it is evident that electricity generated from Oil and gas is not an economically feasible option and the installed capacity of about 15000MW (67%) out of 22477MW would not be operational. International Energy Agency has forecasted that total electricity demandof the country will be 49078MW in 2025. This is a great challenge to enhance the installed capacity to 50000MW from 7000MW.Currently, Pakistan is generating 6481 MW of electricity from hydel sources that is 29% of the total installed capacity. If country completes all the proposed hydel projects including Bhasha Dam, the hydel contribution would be 1 5000MW until 2025 that is 29%. The biggest challenge is to redesign the electricity portfolio and substitute the oil and gas with an abundantly available indigenous fuel source. Pakistan must develop indigenous energy resources to meet its future electricity needs. Pakistan can overcome this energy crisis by utilising its un-used coal reserves.Coal is a game changer for Pakistan. Currently, 40. 6% of world’s electricity is being generated from coal and it is the single largest contributor in world electricity generation. By looking at the electricity generation mix of the countries that are blessed with coal, it is evident that coal is the largest contributor. For instance, Poland, South Africa, China, India, Australia ,Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Germany, USA,UK, Turkey , Ukraine and Japan are generation 96%, 88%,78%, 78%, 77%, 72%, 69. 9%, 52. %, 52%, 37%, 31. 3%, 27. 5% and 22. 9% of electricity from coal. Pakistan is the only country that is blessed with 185 billion tons of coal and is producing negligible electricity from coal 0. 6%). Thar deposit alone is estimated to be 175 billion tons. It is further estimated that if all the Thar coal is extracted out and converted into electricity through coal fired power plants, it can provide 100,000MW for more than 500 years. There is a dire need to devise a strategy to utilise Thar Coal for power generation.Centre for Coal Technology Punjab University has conducted analysis of 328 samples of coal from all four provinces and AK including Thar coal. A substantial amount of coal in Punjab, Balochistan, KPK, AK and Sindh has high sulphur and ash content that is a challenge to utilise this coal for power generation. All the analysis carried out since 1994 to 2012 by G Couch, geological survey of Pakistan, Oracle coal fields, Centre for coal technology show that Thar coal has a sulphur content up to 1% that is the beauty of this coal that makes it suitable for direct combustion for power generation.At UK-Pakista n coal conference where CEO of world association for Underground coal gasification (UCG ) Julie Lauder and Robert Davidson of International Energy Agency gave presentations and informed the audience that UCG is still in experimentation stage and pilot operations are being carried out at various locations but UCG syn gas is not being used commercially yet. The experimentation is going on since 1928 for the coals that are deeper than 300 meters and not minable. Let me make it clear that I am not against UCG as a technique.My considered opinion is that Thar geology is against the pre-requisites for UCG. Here are some concerns regarding UCG of Thar Coal: 1. The geological structure of Thar block three has been published by geological survey of Pakistan. This structure is against the fundamentals of Underground gasification (UCG) given in every book. First condition for UCG is that the coal should be 300 metre or more deep. Where as in Thar the coal seams are present at a depth of 150 me ter. Secondly, there should be no water around the deposit whereas Thar coal is immersed in water.The aquifer above the coal zone is at about 120 m. then a strata of sand stone and clay stone. The water table ranges between 52. 70 to 93. 27 meter depth. Right below the first coal zone, there are two to three perched aquifers that are aquifers within coal zone with sand horizons of medium to coarse grains. According to experts, the water can also be used for irrigation. Then after the coal seams, a deep aquifer at 200m depth is present. This aquifer is a source of water for tube wells installed in Thar. 2.Moreover, all the analysis carried out by various organisations at different times show that coal itself contains about 46% moisture in it. 3. For complete burning of coal in UCG, a temperature of 1000C is required. It is anticipated that the temperature will not be maintained at 1000 C due to 46% moisture leading to an incomplete burning of coal. The volatile matter will burn and F C content / the most valuable component may remain un-burnt leading to a very low HV gas. 4. About one year ago, Dr. M. Saleem (a member of Dr. Samar Team) predicted that the syn gas obtained will have a calorific value of 106 BTU/cubic foot.Now they claim that they have obtained a gas but have not declared the calorific value yet. This claimed HHV is one-tenth of Natural gas. Due to high moisture content, it would be lower than this claimed value. 5. It is expected to yield production of very low – grade and uneconomic syn gas, bearing high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphureted. 6. The gas with such a low heating value cannot be linked with the national grid. On 25th July, 2012 Dr. Samar briefing Standing Committee on Information Technology said that gas companies have refused to buy this gas. 7.If the heat contained in 46% moisture, compressors energy consumption, energy required for carbon dioxide removal, water removal, H2S, (Hydrogen Sulphide) HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide) removal, tar removal and other operational energy consumption is subtracted from the per unit syngas net heating value (that is vital for power generation) will be further lowered. 8. As the gasification proceeds, the water seepage from the upper aquifer will continue leading to further decrease in temperatures inside the chambers resulting further incomplete burning and yielding much lower HV gas along with un used air. . The sulphur content in the Thar coal will generate H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) during gasification leading to an environmental catastrophe in Thar as a result of poisonous gases like H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) and HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide) from the UCG chambers to the surface through the very loose overlying strata and through newly developed or pre-existing cracks etc. 10. There will possibly be contamination of underground water so precious in Thar area, with poisonous chemicals originating from the burn chambers. 11. Proper scrutiny of Thar coal projec t is missing.One cannot find the models of the Thar UCG operation especially the reaction kinetics, heat transfer, gas flow etc ? that are fundamental for every project. 12. For UCG research, experts are of the opinion that the location allotted block V is not a right location because to stop the operation will not be easy and that can destroy the entire deposit. It should have been an isolated location. On the basis above stated concerns, Production of very low – grade and uneconomic syn gas, bearing high proportions of water vapours, carbon dioxide and sulphurated hydrogen due to high water and sulphur contents of the Thar coal is expected.The scope of Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand project was to generate electricity. But after claimed trials, he is now trying to give a new lolly pop to the nation that Diesel and methanol will be produced from Thar coal gas. The question is that India, China and USA and all other countries are generating electricity from coal why they are not prod ucing methanol and diesel? Can you tell the nation how much percentage of global coal is used for these obsoleted routes compared to the coal used for power generation?Pakistan has about 83 sugar mills and methanol can be produced as by product of sugar at much cheaper rate with very little investment compared to the coal route suggested by Dr. Samar. Being a coal technologist and chemical process technologist I can warn that without knowing the process details, economics and economies of scale, a nuclear- political scientist is misleading the nation. If UCG of Thar is a wise option, why commercial organisations like Sindh Engro coal Mining Company, Oracle coal field, UK and Global Mining, China are opting open pit mining at Thar.Definitely, any profit making organisation that believes in â€Å"no free lunch† will go for tested commercial technologies. Only a group of retired hit and trial masters from various fields other than coal can afford this luxury on state expenses. C urrently,8142 trillion watt hour of electricity is being generated from world coal. Out of which how much is generated from UCG? The answer is zero. In response to my post UK-PK coal conference statement of Dr . Samar Mubarak Mand’s lobby through a journalist managed a news item against me in Daily News on 23rd July, 2012.I strongly condemn the highly objectionable language he used. Instead of presenting his view point he tried for character assassination. He declared me as an American agent because I have technically exposed them. I understand that Dr. Samar and his fellows who get heavy Financial benefits from Thar UCG project consider everyone as their personal enemy who criticize the Thar UCG project honestly. Dr. A. Q Khan raised questions on Thar UCG project and declared that Dr Samar intellectually dishonest. Is he an American Agent?Now a days, Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand is running PPP Election Campaign to get heavy funds released. Despite the appearance of Dr. Samar in PP P media campaign on TV for next elections, Federal Minister for water and power Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar has stated in a TV talk show â€Å"Awam ki Adalat† on Geo TV dated 15-07-2012 that there is no truth in Dr. Samar’s claims. Is he an American Agent? Dr. Shahid Naveed, Dean of Engineering, University of Engg& Tech Lahore has similar views on Thar UCG project. Is he an American agent?Daily The Nation in its editorial on 11 august 2012, wrote that Dr Mubarakmand’s has been the lone voice in the country advocating the idea and demanded a team of world class experts to do a feasibility study, covering technical as well as financial aspects prior to pour huge investment in this project that is what I have pointed out. What. The senior journalist with so-called solid knowledge should learn the art of investigation based journalism and note that I have doctorate in the area of coal technology from UK and many international research publications in high impact factor j ournals are on my credit.I am not an alien in the field of coal technology like Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand. As far as the Angren project is concerned, no doubt it’s one of the oldest UCG site but IEA still ranked it as â€Å"pilot project†. It is an admitted fact that UCG as a technique is still not a commercial technology. My considered opinion is that opening pit mining is the right strategy to extract coal. Once the coal is in our hands, there will be many invertors for the establishment of coal-fired power generation plants and our beloved country would enjoy 100000MW cheaper electricity for five hindered years.The writer is the Professor & Director of Centre for Coal Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore. This news was published in print paper. Access complete paper of this day. Electricity has become an essential part of our lives and its outage adversely affects the country’s economic growth and daily lives of common people. Since the past few decades, there has been an enormous increase in the demand of electricity and no appreciative steps have been taken to cope up this issue. Now the demand has exceeded supply and ‘loadshedding’ has become a common issue.Every day an outage of 3-4 hours has to be faced by the people and in summer season the outage length increases to an unbearable level which is making the lives miserable for everyone. What is the government doing to ensure a sustainable supply of energy resources for economic growth? What strategic steps are being taken to acquire energy resources in future? Is private sector willing to invest in Pakistan’s oil industry? What are the incentives being offered to the foreign players to continue working in the exploration sector? What hurdles are stopping other big players around the world to enter Pakistan?What is the role of gas distribution companies so far? Are the citizens of Pakistan being robbed by energy giants with ever rising utility bills? What sh ould be the real price of petroleum, kerosene and other oil products in Pakistan? When will the nation have â€Å"loadshedding free† electric supply? Have we been able to make long term contracts with the countries to provide uninterrupted supply of energy resources? Will the government be able to provide enough sources to the citizens for a sustainable economic growth? Have we lost the race for acquiring maximum energy resources for future survival?Pakistan has rich reserves of coal. Most of the power generation in many parts of the world is being done by using coal as an energy resource. Thar, Lakhra, Badin etc are some of the mammoth coal reserves in Pakistan. If we talk about Thar reserves only we get astonishing facts. Thar coal reserves of Sindh are about 850 trillion cubic feet, which is more than oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran put together. These reserves are estimated at 850 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas, about 300 times higher than Pakistan’s proven gas reserves of 28 TCF.Dr Murtaza Mughal, President of Pakistan Economy Watch, in a statement said that these reserves of coal worth USD 25 trillion could not only cater to the electricity requirements of the country for the next 100 years but also save almost billions of dollars in staggering oil import bill. Just two percent usage of Thar coal can produce 20,000 MW of electricity for next 40 years, without any single second of loadshedding and if the whole reserves are utilised, then it can easily be imagined how much energy could be generated. The coal power generation would cost Pakistan PKR 5. 7 per unit while power generated by Independent Power Projects cost PKR 9. 27 It requires just 420 billion rupees initial investment whereas Pakistan receives annually 1220 billion from tax only. Chinese and other countries’ companies have not only carried out surveys and feasibility of this project but also offered 100 percent investment in the last seven to eight years but the à ¢â‚¬Å"petroleum gang† always discouraged them in a very systematic way. Petroleum lobby is very strong in Pakistan and they are against any other means of power generation except for the imported oil.This lobby is the major beneficiary of the increasing oil bill that is estimated to be above 15 billion dollar this year. Beyond the shadow of any doubt coal energy is the most viable solution to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan. The government should seriously think about it and put untiring efforts to cater to the energy crisis situation in Pakistan by utilising coal reserves. BUSHRA ASIM Karachi Tuesday, May 22, 2012 More Sharing ServicesShare|Share on facebookShare on twitterShare on linkedinShare on stumbleuponShare on emailShare on facebook_like| Thar coal — Pakistan’s hope for energy self-sufficiencyBy Amjad Agha Recently it has been reported that the Planning Commission has decided to stop further financing of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Projec t at Thar, since no encouraging results are forthcoming. This UCG project is the brainchild of Dr Samar Mubarakmand, who has been working on it for the last couple of years. This news has been given lot of coverage by the media, and a wrong impression is being created as if the Planning Commission has rejected the Thar coal. It is surprising that so far the Planning Commission has not clarified their position.Obviously the objection pertains to underground gasification of the Thar coal and not the mining of the huge deposit of coal. Thar coal deposits are the largest resource discovered in the country, which can provide the much-needed solution for generating large amount of electricity for many many years at affordable price. The estimates indicate that 135 to 175 billion tonnes of lignite coal can be obtained from the deposit, which can produce thousands of megawatts of electricity for decades. Thar coal can be obtained by open cast mining similar to the method used all over the w orld.The UCG is a method of converting unworked coal – coal still in the ground – into a combustible gas, which can be used for power generation. The UCG is at present not extensively used commercially, but research is going on to make it commercially attractive. However, the open pit mining of coal is the normal method being used, and most of the coal is being obtained in this manner. The UCG method is still in the research stage and if found suitable for Thar coal, it will be useful and economical. Therefore, Dr Mubarakmand’s project may be curtailed but should not be stopped until it reaches final outcome.The open cast mining of Thar coal is the project, which the nation has been keenly awaiting, but for some unknown reasons the work on it has still not started. Couple of months ago an article ‘Thar Coal and Energy Security’ by Muhammad Younus Dagha was printed in Dawn newspaper. Dagha is the secretary coal and energy Sindh. In the article, he ha d stated that final arrangement have been completed by Global Mining Company of China for Block-1 and another by Sindh Engro Coal Mining for Block-II. The mining on these projects shall reportedly start by June. Are these dates still valid?The public is desperately waiting for any good news about electricity. The Planning Commission should immediately clarify their statement on Thar coal and inform the public about the real status on start of mining. In my recent paper ‘Electricity Crisis and Circular Debt’, it was explained that real cause of the electricity crisis in the country is due to faulty fuel mix as we are using the highly expensive furnace oil as the main fuel for generating electricity. The fuel cost to generate one Kwh (unit) of electricity through furnace is about Rs 17-18.This does not include the fixed charges for the plant, transmission and distribution costs and losses etc. Since the government cannot afford to buy the oil at this high price, therefore several thermal power plants are shut down or producing much below their capacity. A news item indicated recently that monthly requirement of furnace oil for power plants is 32,000 tonnes but only 10,000 tonnes of oil is being imported. Obviously the generation is accordingly low. The natural gas is another fuel which is being used but is in short supply and very little is available for generation of electricity.The country needs $5 billion for the import of oil, only one-third of the amount will be required if the fuel mix is changed from oil. Globally about 21,000Twh of electricity is consumed per year, 41 percent of this electricity is generated through coal. China generates 78 percent of its electricity through coal, India 68 percent, USA 48 percent but Pakistan only 0. 1 percent. The world does not use oil for electricity, as less than five percent of the world electricity is generated through oil, but Pakistan is using oil for 40 percent of its electricity, which obviously it cannot afford.It’s time that we wake up to these realities, and concentrate on mining Thar coal and start generating electricity through this indigenous resource. Obtaining natural gas through fracturing of underground shale rocks is big news these days. The US is leading in this technology, and China is following very fast. Does Pakistan have any plans for expanding our natural gas production, again no information is passed on to the public. The writer is president of the Associated Consulting Engineers, former managing director of NESPAK, and former chief executive of Pakistan Hydro Consultants for the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project